La Palma 2021: Petrological insights into magmatic evolution in an ongoing volcanic crisis

火山喷发是对社会的无时无刻不在的威胁，世界上任何一天通常都有5到40座火山在活动喷发(史密森学会)。虽然火山喷发并不是罕见的现象，但在预测未来喷发活动和了解岩浆在喷发前、喷发中和喷发结束时如何演化方面仍然存在局限性。通常是利用地震和地面变形的地球物理观测来研究同喷发过程，这只产生了关于岩浆管道系统较浅部分的信息。然后，在喷发停止后，岩石学家可以研究喷发的岩石和晶体货物，以了解影响火山活动的开始、持续时间和结论的更深层次的过程。但是，快速样品处理技术和岩石学数据收集的进步，以及拉帕尔马上坎布雷·维贾火山的持续喷发，为综合这些经典的同时喷发(观测)和喷发后(岩石学)方法提供了一个时间敏感的机会。因此，我们建议将关于拉帕尔马岩浆管道系统的快速、接近实时的岩石学数据与当地火山监测机构INVOLCAN已经开展的监测工作结合起来。在这个项目中，我们将对Cumre Vieja的喷发物质进行系统采样，对大量岩石样本和水晶货物进行快速分析，并解释岩浆成分和时间尺度的任何变化。这些数据将与InVOLcan收集的实时监测数据进行比较，并有助于预测火山喷发可能随着时间的推移而演变。这方面的一个关键成果(除了对Cumre Vieja岩浆系统的详细了解外)是开发和完善了一系列协议，用于快速收集岩石学数据，并与先前存在的监测数据相结合。这将使岩石学数据与经典监测技术有效地结合在一起，以开发未来的喷发预测工具。

Volcanic eruptions are an ever-present threat to society with typically between five and forty volcanoes in active eruption around the world on any given day (Smithsonian Institution). Whilst volcanic eruptions are not rare phenomena, there are still limitations with respect to forecasting future eruptive activity and understanding how magma evolves both before, during and at the conclusion of eruptive episodes. Typically syn-eruptive processes are studied using geophysical observations of earthquakes and ground deformation, which only yields information on the shallower portions of the magmatic plumbing systems. Then, following eruption cessation, petrologists can study the erupted rocks and crystal cargo to understand the deeper processes that affected the initiation, longevity and conclusion of volcanic activity.However, the advances in rapid sample processing techniques and petrological data collection, coupled with the ongoing eruption of Cumbre Vieja on La Palma presents a time-sensitive opportunity to synthesise these classically syn-eruptive (observational) and post-eruptive (petrological) approaches. Thus we propose to combine rapid near-real-time petrological data on the magmatic plumbing system of La Palma with the monitoring work already being undertaken by INVOLCAN (the local volcano monitoring agency). In this project we will undertake systematic sampling of the eruptive materials from Cumbre Vieja, undertake rapid analysis of the bulk rock samples and crystal cargo, and interpret any changes in magma compositions and timescales. These data will be compared with real-time monitoring data collected by INVOLCAN, and help to forecast how the eruption may evolve over time. A key output of this (aside from the detailed knowledge of the Cumbre Vieja magmatic system) is the development and refinement of a series of protocols for rapid collection of petrological data, and integration with pre-existing monitoring data. This will allow effective integration of petrological data with classic monitoring techniques, to develop future eruption forecasting tools.