The Economics of Biodiversity Additionality (BIOADD)

关于生物多样性经济学的Dasgupta评论说明了复杂的和嵌入的生态经济关系，从而说明了生物多样性的基本经济和社会价值。《审查报告》证明了利用生物多样性的道路是不可持续的，并明确指出需要管理全球经济中自然资本的再生，以确保可持续性。为了有效地实现可持续性，需要做出权衡，了解生物多样性的相对经济价值，并根据“影子价格”评估干预措施。英国政府在这方面的目标体现在国内（《2021年环境法》）和国际承诺（如《生物多样性公约》第15次缔约方会议昆明宣言》）。经济必须考虑其对自然的影响，但生物多样性政策：例如保护区（PAs）；减缓气候变化的国家核算标准（如重新造林）；因此，农业政策需要考虑到经济中的相互作用，这些相互作用可能会限制干预措施的成功或额外性。泄漏、不遵守、项目失败和无常，或政策失败，都限制了基于区域和其他政策的成功，质疑它们的附加性。国家统计局尤其倾向于应对气候变化，它可以为净零承诺（英国气候法案）提供具有成本效益的解决方案，并在生物多样性方面取得巨大进展。要了解生物多样性政策的有效性，需要了解生物多样性附加性的经济学。BIOADD将从关键角度发展生物多样性附加性经济学。首先，为了指导可持续性和价值生物多样性附加性所需的权衡，BIOADD估算了生物多样性影子价格（SPB）。与反映支付生物多样性的意愿（不可靠且有争议）不同，SPB反映的是满足社会确定的生物多样性目标的成本，例如净收益或30%的保护区，或保持在地球边界内。我们将把这一理论应用于：i)印度尼西亚和玻利维亚的森林；ii)缓解气候变化的基于自然的解决方案（NBS），在每种情况下对非附加性风险（如失败、无常）进行定价。SPB将指出生物多样性的权衡和优先事项，以及如何通过瞄准生物多样性丰富和低成本的地区来实现社会成本最低的目标。其次，为了理解测量附加性的基准，BIOADD将分析决定亚马逊雨林次生林生物多样性再生的空间经济因素，重点是玻利维亚。第三，在印度尼西亚，将分析“政策分层”（多个重叠的政策）在阻碍或改善热带森林生物多样性结果方面的作用。这两个案例研究将使用定制的空间数据来确定生物多样性附加性的经济和政策驱动因素。最后，与CarbonPlan合作，这是一个将为碳抵消市场开发的在线工具，允许根据不同的国家统计局对生物多样性的影响、抵消的碳排放和附加风险（如失败、不永久性）进行评估和比较。这项研究对英国很重要，因为它：1)在不向其他国家泄漏生物多样性损失的情况下，履行《环境法》（2021年）中对生物多样性净收益的国内承诺；2)讨论如何实现COP15的“30 by 30”生物多样性目标；3)帮助将发展援助导向遏制毁林，并指导COP26关于到2030年实现零毁林的承诺；3)评估国家统计局作为实现净零排放承诺的潜在手段；4)说明了自然资本的“免费”可再生回报（Dasgupta 2020）在哪里最有价值，经济过程决定了它们。

The Dasgupta Review on the economics of biodiversity illustrated the complex and embedded ecology-economy relationships and thereby the fundamental economic and societal value of biodiversity. The Review evidenced the unsustainable path of exploitation biodiversity and made plain the need to manage regeneration of natural capital in the global economy to ensure sustainability. For sustainability to be achieved efficiently requires trade-offs to be made, the relative economic values of biodiversity to be understood, and interventions to be evaluated according to "shadow prices". The UK government's aims in this regard are reflected in domestic (The Environment Act of 2021) and international commitments (e.g. the Kunming Declaration of the COP15 of the Convention on Biodiversity). Economies must consider their impact on nature, yet biodiversity policy: e.g. Protected Areas (PAs); NBS for climate change mitigation (e.g. reforestation); and agricultural policies, therefore need to account for interactions in the economy, which can conspire to limit the success or additionality of interventions. Leakage, non-compliance, project failure and impermanence, or policy failures, all limit the success of area-based and other policies, questioning their additionality. Particularly prone are NBS to climate change, which can provide cost-effective solutions to net-zero commitments (UK Climate Act), and large gains in biodiversity. To understand the effectiveness of biodiversity policies requires an understanding of the economics of biodiversity additionality. BIOADD will develop the economics of biodiversity additionality from key perspectives.First, to guide the trade-offs required for sustainability and value biodiversity additionality, BIOADD estimates a Shadow Price of Biodiversity (SPB). Rather than reflecting Willingness to Pay for biodiversity (unreliable and controversial) SPB reflects the costs of meeting a societally determined target for biodiversity, such as net-gain or 30% protected areas, or staying within planetary boundaries. We will apply this theory to: i) Indonesian and Bolivian forests; ii) Nature Based Solutions (NBS) for mitigating climate change, in each case pricing the risk of non-additionality (e.g. failure, impermanence). The SPB will indicate the trade-offs and priorities for biodiversity and how targets can be met at least cost to society by targeting biodiversity rich and low-cost areas.Second, to understand the baseline against which additionality is measured, BIOADD will analyse the spatial economic factors that determine biodiversity regrowth in secondary forests in the Amazon rainforest, with focus on Bolivia. Third, in Indonesia, the role of "policy layering": multiple overlapping policies, in hindering or improving biodiversity outcomes in tropical forests will be analysed. These two case studies will use bespoke spatial data to identify economic and policy drivers of biodiversity additionality.Finally, together with CarbonPlan, an online tool that will be developed for the carbon offset market to allow different NBS to be valued and compared according to their impacts on biodiversity, the offset carbon emissions, and additionality risks (e.g. failure, impermanence). The research is important for the UK as it: 1) implements domestic commitments to biodiversity net-gain in the Environment Act (2021) without leakage of biodiversity loss to other countries; 2) addresses how to meet commitments towards biodiversity the 30 by 30 target from the COP15; 3) helps to orientate development assistance towards halting deforestation and guide COP26 commitments on zero-deforestation by 2030; 3) assesses NBS as a potential means of meeting net-zero commitments; 4) illustrates where "free" renewable returns (Dasgupta 2020) from natural capital are most valuable and the economic processes determine them.