Mobile Observations and quantification of Methane Emissions to inform National Targeting, Upscaling and Mitigation (MOMENTUM)

2020年和2021年，大气中甲烷的增长率分别达到创纪录的15 ppb和17 ppb，这加大了实现《巴黎协定》和全球甲烷承诺的挑战。《2021年联合国全球甲烷评估报告》强调，为了减缓全球气温上升，有必要在本十年大幅减少甲烷排放。迫切需要对补救目标提出建议。联合国建议，在主要来源类别中，以下减排是可能的：61%来自化石燃料的生产、分配和使用，48%来自废物处理和废物发电，22%来自农业。英国的清单显示，自1990年以来，甲烷的人为排放显著减少，但在过去4年里一直保持不变。我们最近的移动测量活动强调了进一步减少排放的潜力，特别是在天然气分配基础设施中。移动研究也能很好地识别所谓的超级排放者。因此，随着各国继续向低碳密集型活动过渡，快速识别和优先修复或更换可以显著而迅速地影响国家总排放量。英国的目标是通过发展“绿色”或“蓝色”能源，如废物转化为能源或制氢，实现2050年的净零排放目标。改进这些新兴行业的甲烷排放量化至关重要，但目前对这些行业的生命周期排放知之甚少，因此不可能进行准确的净零评估。我们已经表明，沼气厂的CH4测量值可能很大，应该作为国家清单中的点源。对英国和爱尔兰连续甲烷测量站点的网络进行建模，可以从清单中验证英国的总排放量。它没有做的是验证单个排放源部门的排放量或查明排放量。鉴于这些知识差距，我们如何确保英国甲烷库存的准确性，以便优先考虑缓解战略和净零政策？MOMENTUM旨在开发移动测量解决方案来实现这一目标。必须验证源部门的排放，以提供进一步的甲烷减排目标。这需要广泛的空间覆盖方法，但在测量高度，单个源类别的排放可以在英国的复杂环境中解决，而不是通过卫星或飞机。我们将为学术和行业/监管最终用户开发单独的CH4源类别排放量化解决方案，随后使用车辆和无人机平台进行一系列实验现场活动，以校准测量和验证方法。总而言之，该项目将：a)在移动测量期间测试多种仪器对不同气象、仪器和后勤参数的响应，将这些参数应用于一系列通量模型，用于不同的受控排放释放率和距离源的距离。b)根据这些共排放物种（二氧化碳、氨、乙烷）和同位素的结果和数据，为每一类源制定具体的测量和通量解决方案。c)在已知的能源基础设施和农业场所以及具有多个来源的复杂源环境（垃圾填埋场，农业，沼气厂，炼油厂和天然气基础设施）中测试这些解决方案的有效性。d)使用经过验证的方法调查主要清单排放类别（农业、废物、化石燃料）的代表性人口。e)将排放量提升到国家水平，以识别清单中的差异，并提供知识以填补清单空白，特别是针对新兴来源。(f)与BEIS和其他项目伙伴合作，在实现“净零排放”的道路上提供减缓排放的政策目标。

Consecutive record-breaking atmospheric CH4 growth rates of 15 and 17 ppb in 2020 and 2021 respectively, have increased the challenge of meeting the Paris Agreement and the Global Methane Pledge. The 2021 UN Global Methane Assessment report highlighted the need for large cuts in methane emissions this decade to slow global temperature rise. Recommendations for remediation targets are urgently required. The UN suggest that within the main source categories the following reductions are possible: 61% from fossil fuel production, distribution and use, 48% from waste processing and waste-to-energy generation, 22% from agriculture.The UK inventory suggests that CH4 anthropogenic emissions have decreased significantly since 1990, but have remained static for the last 4 years. Our recent mobile measurement campaigns have highlighted potential for further reduction in emissions, particularly in gas distribution infrastructure. Mobile studies are also well-placed to identify so-called super-emitters. Rapid identification and prioritisation for repair or replacement can thus significantly and quickly impact total national emissions, as nations continue to transition to less carbon intensive activities. The UK aims to meet its 2050 net zero targets with the development of 'green' or 'blue' energy, e.g. waste-to-energy or hydrogen production. An improved quantification of CH4 emissions from these emergent sectors is essential, but little is known about the lifecycle emissions of these sectors at present, making accurate Net Zero assessments impossible. We have already shown that CH4 measurements from biogas plants can be substantial and should be represented as point sources in the national inventory. Modelling of the UK and Ireland network of continuous methane measurement sites has allowed validation of the total UK emission from the inventory. What it does not do is validate emissions from individual source sectors or pinpoint emissions. Given these knowledge gaps how do we ensure the accuracy of the UK's methane inventory in order to prioritise mitigation strategy and Net Zero policy? MOMENTUM aims to develop mobile measurement solutions to do this. It is essential to validate source sector emissions to provide further targets for methane reduction. This requires methodology for wide spatial coverage, but at measurement heights where emissions from individual source categories can be resolved in the complex environments of the UK, rather than from satellites or aircraft. We will develop individual CH4 source category emission quantification solutions for academic and industry/regulatory end users, following a series of experimental field campaigns using vehicle and UAV platforms to calibrate measurements and validate methodologies.In summary the project will:a) Test multiple instrument responses to different meteorological, instrumental and logistical parameters during mobile measurement, applying these to a range of flux models for different controlled emission release rates and distance from source.b) Develop specific measurement and flux solutions for each source category from these results and data for co-emitted species (CO2, ammonia, ethane) and isotopes. c) Test the validity of these solutions at known energy infrastructure and agricultural sites, and in a complex source environment with multiple sources (landfill, agriculture, biogas plant, oil refinery and gas infrastructure).d) Use the validated methodology to survey a representative population of the main inventory emission categories (agriculture, waste, fossil fuel).e) Upscale the emissions to national level to identify discrepancies in the inventory, and provide knowledge to fill inventory gaps, particularly for emerging sources.f) Provide policy targets for emissions mitigation on the road to 'Net Zero' in collaboration with BEIS and other project partners.