The Mechanisms of Adaptive Shifts in Allocation among Growth, Reproduction, and Defense

生长、繁殖和防御之间分配的适应性转变机制

• 批准号: 1855927
• 负责人: David Lowry
• 金额: $ 76.35万
• 依托单位: Michigan State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-06-01 至 2024-02-29
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1855927&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Mechanisms; Adaptive; Shifts; Allocation; among

One of the fundamental rules of life is that there are trade-offs associated with the adaptation of organisms to different environmental conditions. These trade-offs prevent individual biological species from dominating every habitat and climatic condition. However, while these trade-offs are prevalent, the understanding of what genetic and physiological mechanisms cause them is poor. Identifying the mechanisms underlying trade-offs in plants will provide knowledge of how evolution works and guidance for the improvement of crop species. This research focuses on understanding why trade-offs occur for adaptations of the yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) to highly divergent coastal and inland climatic conditions in California. The coastal habitats of this region are inundated by a cool ocean fog during the summer months, which allows plants to survive year-round, but also means that there are more herbivores which eat them. In contrast, inland habitats are very hot and dry in the summer. The ways in which monkeyflowers have adapted to these different climates involves strong trade-offs, for which this research will establish the underlying mechanisms. The research will involve the mentorship of graduate students, postdocs, and underrepresented minority undergraduate students. Further, this award will support an ongoing partnership between investigators and the Michigan State University College of Education to create an inquiry-based learning module, focused on the monkeyflower system, for low-income middle school classrooms in Flint, MI. A website will be developed for distribution of this education module to classrooms nationwide. Whether to allocate resources to reproduction, growth, and/or defense is a fundamental dilemma faced by all plant species. This research will focus on the evolutionary divergence in allocation to rapid reproduction, long-term growth, and herbivore resistance between coastal and inland M. guttatus. Inland populations allocate resources primarily to rapid growth and reproduction to escape from seasonal drought while investing little in herbivore resistance. Coastal populations have evolved to invest more in vegetative growth and herbivore resistance as a result of higher herbivore pressure and a longer growing season. Aim 1 of the research will evaluate how two previously identified loci (DIV1 and DIV2) involved in adaptive divergence between coastal and inland populations contribute to concentrations of precursor and bioactive forms of the Gibberellin (GA) growth hormone and the defense hormone Jasmonic Acid (JA). The effects of the two loci on induced and constitutive levels of defensive phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs) will be evaluated. Aim 2 will elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptive variation in allocation among rapid reproduction, long-term vegetative growth, and herbivore resistance. Functional molecular studies of gibberellin biosynthesis and signaling genes will be conducted to evaluate their role in the evolution of trade-offs. Aim 3 will use hormone applications in the field to evaluate the role of those hormones in adaptive shifts in resource allocation across climatic conditions. Plants will be grown in manipulative reciprocal transplant experiments to assess the roles of GA and JA pathways on flowering time, biomass, and fitness in coastal and inland habitats.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

生命的基本规则之一是，生物体适应不同环境条件时需要权衡取舍。这些权衡使个别生物物种无法主宰每一个栖息地和气候条件。然而，虽然这些权衡是普遍的，是什么遗传和生理机制导致他们的理解是穷人。确定植物中权衡的潜在机制将提供进化如何工作的知识，并为作物品种的改进提供指导。本研究的重点是了解为什么权衡发生的黄色monkeyflower（Mimulus guttatus）适应高度分化的沿海和内陆气候条件在加州。该地区的沿海栖息地在夏季被凉爽的海洋雾淹没，这使得植物能够全年生存，但也意味着有更多的食草动物吃它们。相比之下，内陆栖息地在夏季非常炎热和干燥。猴花适应这些不同气候的方式涉及强烈的权衡，本研究将建立潜在的机制。这项研究将涉及研究生，博士后和代表性不足的少数民族本科生的导师。此外，该奖项将支持调查人员和密歇根州立大学教育学院之间正在进行的合作伙伴关系，以创建一个基于探究的学习模块，专注于monkeyflower系统，用于密歇根州弗林特市的低收入中学教室。将建立一个网站，向全国各地的教室分发这一教育单元。是否分配资源繁殖，生长和/或防御是所有植物物种面临的一个基本困境。本研究将着重于沿海和内陆M之间在快速繁殖、长期生长和草食动物抗性分配方面的进化差异。点滴内陆种群将资源主要用于快速生长和繁殖，以逃避季节性干旱，而对草食动物的抵抗力几乎没有投资。由于食草动物的压力更大，生长季节更长，沿海种群已经进化到在营养生长和抗食草动物方面投入更多。该研究的目的1将评估两个先前确定的基因座（DIV 1和DIV 2）参与沿海和内陆种群之间的适应性分歧如何有助于赤霉素（GA）生长激素和防御激素茉莉酸（JA）的前体和生物活性形式的浓度。将评价这两个基因座对防御性苯丙素苷（PPG）的诱导和组成水平的影响。目的2将阐明适应性变异在快速繁殖、长期营养生长和抗植食性之间分配的分子机制。赤霉素生物合成和信号基因的功能分子研究将进行评估其在进化的权衡作用。目标3将在实地使用激素，以评估这些激素在气候条件下资源分配的适应性变化中的作用。植物将种植在操纵互惠移植实验中，以评估GA和JA途径对开花时间，生物量和沿海和内陆栖息地的适应性的作用。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来支持。

项目成果

Frequency-Dependent Hybridization Contributes to Habitat Segregation in Monkeyflowers

频率依赖性杂交有助于猴花的栖息地分离

• DOI: 10.1086/719381
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: The American Naturalist
• 作者: Toll, Katherine;Lowry, David B.
• 通讯作者: Lowry, David B.

Life history and chemical defense interact to drive patterns of adaptation in an annual monkeyflower

生活史和化学防御相互作用，驱动一年生猴花的适应模式

• DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpac048
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Evolution
• 影响因子: 3.3
• 作者: Scharnagl, Anna;Genung, Mark A.;Holeski, Liza M.;Kooyers, Nicholas J.
• 通讯作者: Kooyers, Nicholas J.

Inbreeding depression contributes to the maintenance of habitat segregation between closely related monkeyflower species

近交抑制有助于维持密切相关的猴花物种之间的栖息地隔离

• DOI: 10.1111/evo.14192
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Evolution
• 影响因子: 3.3
• 作者: Toll, Katherine;LoPresti, Eric F.;Lowry, David B.
• 通讯作者: Lowry, David B.

Locally Adapted Mimulus Ecotypes Differentially Impact Rhizosphere Bacterial and Archaeal Communities in an Environment-Dependent Manner

当地适应的酸酸浆生态型以环境依赖的方式对根际细菌和古菌群落产生不同的影响

• DOI: 10.1094/pbiomes-05-19-0026-r
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Phytobiomes Journal
• 影响因子: 4.4
• 作者: Bowsher, Alan W.;Kearns, Patrick J.;Popovic, Damian;Lowry, David B.;Shade, Ashley
• 通讯作者: Shade, Ashley