Chemistry of emissions at lava-urban interfaces

2024年1月14日，冰岛雷克雅内斯半岛火山爆发产生的熔岩流开始燃烧城市建筑。火山喷发和城市火灾分别含有许多对健康有害的化合物。虽然这些不同的端元组成是众所周知的，熔岩城市界面（LUI）的排放量还没有进行过研究。关键假设：由于火山和人造化合物的结合，LUI排放物具有独特的化学性质。这种相互作用影响燃烧过程、释放到环境中的排放物的组成以及大气羽流中的化学反应途径。LUI相互作用也可能改变熔岩中的脱气过程和岩浆挥发物的释放。城市界面的火山爆发比偏远地区的火山爆发导致更高的人类暴露，因为它们靠近社区;小型火山爆发可能在人口稠密地区造成严重的空气污染。熔岩准周期性地遇到城市空间，例如夏威夷的基拉韦厄（2018年），坎布尔维耶哈（2021年），拉帕尔马（2021年）和现在的冰岛雷克雅未克（2024年至今）。尽管认识到表征空气污染源的化学性质的重要性，但LUI排放仍然没有得到研究，这可能是由于具有挑战性的采样条件，以及不可预测性和每次喷发事件持续时间短。在全球范围内，由于建筑物扩展到以前无人居住的地区，暴露于LUI排放的人数正在增加。例如，2024年1月在冰岛被熔岩烧毁的房屋是新建筑，其建设始于火山系统已经处于动荡之中。我们将利用冰岛正在进行的活动作为天然实验室，首次在源和近场（1-40公里距离）表征LUI排放化学。

Lava flows from eruptions on Reykjanes peninsula in Iceland started burning urban structures on 14 January 2024. Volcanic emissions and urban fires, respectively, are known to contain many chemical compounds that are hazardous to health. While these distinct end member compositions are better known, lava-urban interface (LUI) emissions have not been studied. Key hypotheses: LUI emissions have unique chemistry due to the combination of volcanic and human-made compounds. The interaction impacts the combustion process, the composition of the emissions released into the environment, and the chemical reaction pathways in the atmospheric plume. The LUI interaction may also be modifying the degassing processes in the lava, and release of magmatic volatiles.Eruptions at the urban interface lead to higher human exposures than remote eruptions because of their proximity to communities; and small eruptions can cause severe air pollution in populated areas. Lava encounters urban space quasi-periodically, for example Kilauea, Hawaii 2018, Cumbre Vieja, La Palma 2021 and now on Reykjanes, Iceland (2024 - present). Despite the recognition of the importance of characterising chemistry of air pollution sources, LUI emissions remain unstudied, likely due to a combination of challenging sampling conditions, and the unpredictability and the short duration of each eruptive episode. Globally, the number of people exposed to LUI emissions is growing because of building expansion into previously uninhabited areas. For instance, the homes burned by lava in Iceland in January 2024 were newbuilds, the construction of which began when the volcanic system was already in unrest. We will use the ongoing activity in Iceland as a natural laboratory for the first ever characterisation of LUI emission chemistry at-source and in the near-field (1-40 km distance).