Astrophysics at Jodrell Bank: the Radio Universe

宇宙是一种不断进化的状态。这始于大爆炸，以及后来发展成星系团、星系和恒星的微小不规则现象。巨大的黑洞形成于星系的中心。气体流入中央黑洞导致了高能量的喷流。恒星通过风与周围环境相互作用，对于大质量恒星来说，在它们生命的末期通过爆炸来相互作用。喷出物使星系富含新元素、分子和尘埃。Jodrell Bank天体物理中心研究演化的各个阶段，特别是通过射电发射。射电发射示踪高能环境中的电离等离子体，通过宇宙微波射电发射研究大爆炸的不规则性。星系发出射电辐射，用来追踪从形成到恒星爆发的演化过程。超新星爆炸后留下的大质量恒星的核心发出射电脉冲。这些射电辐射是用各种望远镜探测到的。普朗克太空望远镜观测宇宙微波背景。洛维尔望远镜探测到脉冲星的辐射。E-Merlin阵列解决了单个星系的辐射问题。这项研究得到了一项活跃的技术计划的支持。我们开发了用于空间望远镜和地面的回旋冷却放大器和高频和低频低噪声探测器。我们的大部分研究都是基于大范围的调查。除了无线电测量外，我们还利用高分辨率的光学测量。重力是我们研究的一个重要焦点。光和无线电波的弯曲可以用来探测原本看不见的物质。我们用它来探测恒星系统外部区域的行星。通过对脉冲星的长期监测，可以探测到引力波。这笔赠款的研究涵盖宇宙学，从宇宙大尺度结构的起源到星系团的形成，脉冲星既作为物体本身，也作为引力、尘埃和星际介质中分子的跟踪物，最后是一个蓬勃发展的射电技术计划。射电天文学的未来是平方公里阵列，英国在其中发挥着主导作用。Jodrell Bank天体物理中心的研究是针对SKA的。在接下来的三年里，我们将继续在所有尺度上研究射电宇宙。SKA将实现这一点，并为宇宙的持续进化提供一个独特的踪迹。

The Universe is a state of continuous evolution. This started with the Big Bang, and the small irregularities which later grew into clusters, galaxies, and stars. Large black holes formed at the centre of the galaxies. Infall of gas into the central black holes leads to highly energetic jets. Stars interact with their surroundings through winds, and for massive stars, through explosions at the end of their lives. The ejecta enrich the galaxies with new elements, molecules and dust. The Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics studies the various phases of evolution especially through radio emission. Radio emission traces ionized plasmas which are found in high energy environments, The irregularities of the Big Bang are studied through the cosmic microwave radio emission. Galaxies emit radio emission and these are used to trace their evolution, from formation to star bursts. The cores of massive stars, left after their supernova explosions, emit radio pulses. The radio emissions are detected using a variety of telescopes. The Planck Space Telescope observes the cosmic microwave background. The Lovell Telescope detects the emission from pulsars. The e-Merlin array resolves the emission from individual galaxies. The research is supported by an active technology program. We develop cyogenically cooled amplifiers, and low noise detectors at high and low frequencies, both for space telescopes and ground-based. Much of our research is based on wide area surveys. In addition to radio surveys, we also make use of high resolution optical surveys. Gravity is an important focus for our research. The bending of light and radio waves can be used to detect material otherwise invisible. We use this to detect planets in the outer regions of the stellar systems. Gravitational waves can be detected through the long-term monitoring of pulsars. The research in this grant covers cosmology, from the origin of large-scale structure in the Universe to the formation of cluster of galaxies, Pulsars, both as objects in their own right and as tracers of gravity, Dust and molecules in the interstellar medium, and finally a vigorous program of development of radio technology.The future of radio astronomy is the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), in which the UK has a leading role. The research of the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics is directed towards the SKA. Over the next three years, we will continue our study of the radio Universe at all scales. The SKA will bring this to fruition, and provide a unique tracer of the continuing evolution of the Universe.