The Radio Universe: astronomy and astrophysics at the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics 2014-2017

宇宙处于不断进化的状态。大爆炸留下了小的不规则结构，这些不规则结构后来成长为星团、星系和恒星。大黑洞形成于星系的中心。恒星和黑洞与它们的环境相互作用，通过喷流和超新星爆炸加热气体，并用恒星中形成的新元素、分子和尘埃丰富星系。Jodrell Bank天体物理中心研究进化的各个阶段，特别是通过无线电发射。在高能环境中发现的电离等离子体，通过宇宙微波射电发射来研究大爆炸的不规则性。星系通过黑洞喷射出的喷流和大质量恒星电离出的气体发射出无线电辐射。超新星爆炸后留下的大质量恒星的核心发出射电脉冲，即所谓的脉冲星。所有这些射电发射都是用各种望远镜探测到的。普朗克太空望远镜观测宇宙微波背景。洛弗尔望远镜探测脉冲星的辐射。e-Merlin阵列可以分辨来自单个星系的辐射。Jodrell Bank在这些领域都很活跃。这项研究得到了一个积极的技术项目的支持。我们开发低温冷却放大器，以及高低频低噪音探测器，适用于太空望远镜和地面。我们的大部分研究都是基于广泛的区域调查。除了无线电测量外，我们还使用高分辨率光学测量。重力是我们研究的一个重要焦点。光和无线电波的弯曲可以用来探测不可见的物质。我们用它来探测恒星系统外围区域的行星。通过对脉冲星的长期监测，可以探测到引力波。这项拨款的研究涵盖了宇宙学，从宇宙中大规模结构的起源到星系团的形成，脉冲星，既作为自身的物体，也作为引力的示踪剂，恒星形成，来自太阳的风，恒星和系外行星。它得到了大力发展无线电技术计划的支持。射电天文学的未来是平方公里阵列（SKA），英国在其中发挥着主导作用。Jodrell Bank天体物理中心的研究是针对SKA的。在接下来的三年里，我们将继续研究各种尺度的射电宇宙。SKA将实现这一目标，并为宇宙的持续演化提供独特的追踪器。

The Universe is in a state of continuous evolution. The Big Bang left small irregularities which later grew into clusters, galaxies, and stars. Large black holes formed at the centre of the galaxies. Stars and black holesinteract with their environment, heating the gas through jets and supernova explosions, and enriching the galaxies with new elements formed in stars, and with molecules and dust. The Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics studies the various phases of evolution especially through radio emission. Radio emission traces ionized plasmas which are found in high energy environments, The irregularities of the Big Bang are studied through the cosmic microwave radio emission. Galaxies emit radio emission from jets emitted by the black holes, and from gas ionized by massive stars. The cores of massive stars, left after their supernova explosions, emit radio pulses as so-called pulsars. All these radio emissions are detected using a variety of telescopes. The Planck Space Telescope observes the cosmic microwave background. The Lovell Telescope detects the emission from pulsars. The e-Merlin array resolves the emission from individual galaxies. Jodrell Bank is active in each of these areas. The research is supported by an active technology program. We develop cryogenically cooled amplifiers, and low noise detectors at high and low frequencies, both for space telescopes and ground-based. Much of our research is based on wide area surveys. In addition to radio surveys, we also make use of high resolution optical surveys. Gravity is an important focus for our research. The bending of light and radio waves can be used to detect material otherwise invisible. We use this to detect planets in the outer regions of the stellar systems. Gravitational waves can be detected through the long-term monitoring of pulsars. The research in this grant covers cosmology, from the origin of large-scale structure in the Universe to the formation of cluster of galaxies, Pulsars, both as objects in their own right and as tracers of gravity, star formation, winds from the Sun, stars and extrasolar planets. It is supported by a vigorous program of development of radio technology.The future of radio astronomy is the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), in which the UK has a leading role. The research of the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics is directed towards the SKA. Over the next three years, we will continue our study of the radio Universe at all scales. The SKA will bring this to fruition, and provide a unique tracer of the continuing evolution of the Universe.