Gender Identity and HIV Risk

描述（由申请人提供）：我们的长期目标是减少艾滋病毒 在风险最高的社区中进行感染和传播， 艾滋病毒风险的社会心理背景下的性别因素 （2）将这些发现应用于创新模型的开发 进行有效的、有针对性的预防干预。 对所有人群来说，艾滋病毒风险-特别是在性行为方面表现出来的风险- 行为-与人们的性别规范，期望和行为相交。 然而，对于跨性别群体的成员来说，情况尤其如此。由于 面对性别认同的挑战，变性人有一个 提高对性别归因和期望如何影响性行为的认识 行为这个应用程序将检查跨性别的人的经验， 男性和女性的性别角色，以了解性别如何构成艾滋病毒 风险该特定应用的目的是定性地和 定量评估特定性别背景 因素和艾滋病毒的风险在一个跨性别的样本，从而提供了基础 制定未来的干预模式， 不同高危人群的预防挑战。我们将继续 以下三个具体目标：（1）质量审查变性人的 （2）评估性别如何影响艾滋病毒风险的经验; 性别认同、社会性别角色与艾滋病风险之间的关系 （3）确定与性别有关的污名的影响， 羞耻、确认和披露身份对艾滋病毒风险和保护的影响 行为。我们的横断面研究将采用以下组合： 利用因特网的定性和定量方法， 跨性别者的样本在半结构化，深入的在线 访谈（N=60）和在线调查（N=600）。这项研究预计将产生 以下成果。首先，它将增加我们对 性别规范、期望和行为影响艾滋病毒风险， 重要的是，哪些结构值得立即在临床环境中进行测试 干预方案。第二，检验 与性别有关的结构（跨性别识别和介绍，社会 性别角色认同，跨性别认同类型，性别相关污名， 内化的跨性别恐惧症和性别认同的肯定）和艾滋病毒风险将 提供新的手段来识别艾滋病毒高危人群， 很有可能受益于侧重于 潜在的基于性别的影响他们的危险性行为。值得注意的是， 虽然这项工作预计将直接使变性人受益， 他们的伴侣（在艾滋病毒预防工作中基本上被忽视）， 还将提供经验基础（或其他假设，研究， 将性别作为艾滋病毒相关风险因素的干预模式， 其他人口。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Our long-range goal is to reduce HIV infection and transmission among communities most at risk by (1) identifying gender-specific factors underlying the psychosocial context in which HIV risk occurs and (2) applying these findings to the development of innovative models for effective, targeted prevention interventions. For all populations, HIV risk-especially as manifested in sexual behaviors-intersects with people's gendered norms, expectations, and behaviors. This is particularly so, however, for members of the transgender community. Due to challenges with their gender identity, transgendered individuals have a heightened awareness of how gender attributions and expectations affect sexual behavior. This application will examine transgender people's experiences in both the male and female gender role to understand how gender structures HIV risk. The objective of this particular application is to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the relationship between specific gendered contextual factors and HIV risk in a transgender sample, thereby providing the basis for the development of a future intervention model for addressing gender-related prevention challenges of different at-risk populations. We will pursue the following three specific aims: (1) Qualitatively examine transgender people's experiences of how gender influences HIV risk; (2) Assess the empirical relationship between gender identity, social sex role, and HIV risk in a transgender sample; and (3) Determine the impact of gender-related stigma, shame, and affirmation and disclosure of identity on HIV risk and protective behaviors. Our cross-sectional study will employ a combination of Internet-based qualitative and quantitative methodologies to engage a national sample of transgendered individuals in semi-structured, in-depth online interviews (N=60) and an online survey (N=600). This study is expected to yield the following outcomes. First, it will increase our understanding of how gendered norms, expectations, and behaviors influence HIV risk, and importantly, which constructs deserve immediate testing in clinical settings and intervention programs. Second, tests for associations between gender-related constructs (crossgender identification and presentation, social sex role conformity, type of transgender identity, gender-related stigma, internalized transphobia, and affirmation of gender identity) and HIV risk will provide new means of identifying individuals at higher risk for HIV and with high likelihood of benefiting from targeted interventions focused on the underlying gender-based influences on their risky sexual behaviors. Notably, while this work is expected to directly benefit transgender individuals and their partners (who have been largely neglected in HIV prevention efforts), it will also provide an empirical basis (or additional hypotheses, research, and an intervention model targeting gender as a contextual HIV risk factor among other populations.