Consolidated Grant in Solar and Plasma Astrophysics

等离子体的物理学--特别是磁化等离子体--决定了大部分可见宇宙的行为，从太阳的外层到可观测宇宙的最远处。在这个提议中，我们专注于太阳和等离子体天体物理学中几个关键的未解决问题，这些问题也是对宇宙等离子体整体进行更广泛和更深入理解的原型。这些问题是：高能辐射粒子在太阳耀斑和行星际空间中的行为如何？它们是如何被加速的，它们是否被发射，它们在耀斑及其对地球的影响中是否起着关键作用？太阳如何在其磁化的大气层中储存和释放能量，我们如何通过研究其大气层低层的辐射来了解这一过程？在太阳和更广阔的宇宙中，电场自发地从集体等离子体动力学中产生，我们将研究这些如何导致多个加速点，高能粒子和电离前沿，特别是当受到几何或磁场的约束时。我们的计划将观测数据与理论和数值模拟相结合，并涵盖广泛的天文和技术问题，从等离子体中辐射路径的建模到高能粒子加速;从电磁波到相对论粒子束;从图像处理到微弱信号的统计分析。我们将利用所有这些技能来解决天文学问题，这些问题是目前更好地了解宇宙的努力的核心。

The physics of plasmas - particularly magnetised plasmas - dictates the behaviour of much of the visible universe, from the outer layers of the Sun to the furthest reaches of the observable cosmos. In this proposal, we focus on several key unsolved problems in solar and plasma astrophysics that are also prototypes for a wider and deeper understanding of cosmic plasmas as a whole. These are: how do high-energy radiating particles behave in solar flares and in interplanetary space? How are they accelerated, are they beamed and do they play a key role in flares and their terrestrial impact? How does the Sun store and release energy in its magnetised atmosphere, and how can we learn about this process by studying the radiation from low in its atmosphere? In the Sun and the wider Universe, electric fields arise spontaneously from collective plasma dynamics and we will look at how these can lead to multiple acceleration sites, energetic particles and ionisation fronts, particularly when constrained by geometry or magnetic fields.Our programme combines observational data with theoretical and numerical modelling, and spans a wide range of astronomical and technical problems, from the modeling of the path of radiation in a plasma to high-energy particle acceleration; from electromagnetic waves to relativistic particle beams; from image processing to statistical analysis of weak signals. We will bring all these skills to bear on astronomical questions at the heart of current efforts to better understand the universe.