Beam Diagnostics for FETS and PXIE

现代研究中使用的粒子加速器通常有两种：一种是寻求将粒子加速到最高能量（如欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机），另一种是寻求将粒子加速到较低能量，但其光束强度要高得多，即包含比最高能量下使用的粒子更多的粒子。这些高强度粒子加速器提供具有MW功率的光束，并具有各种潜在应用，从材料科学，核废料嬗变，核电生产到产生高能μ子和中微子束，可用于理解为什么宇宙中物质比反物质占优势。位于迪科的STFC卢瑟福阿普尔顿实验室的ISIS质子加速器提供了世界上最强的中子源之一，该加速器使用中子成像和开发新材料和药物，并应用于新型电子，食品科学，环境科学，土木工程，运输，航空航天和医疗保健。然而，为了满足研究人员在吞吐量和图像质量方面开发这些应用的需求，并提供粒子物理研究所需的高强度中微子和μ子束，需要开发能够维持更高功率束的新加速器。该项目是英国和美国科学家之间的合作（在费米国家加速器实验室[FNAL]，就在芝加哥外）将开发该加速器的第一阶段，该加速器将用于几个新的加速器，包括：升级到RAL ISIS设施，欧洲空间中子源（ESS）和FNAL中的X项目。

Particle accelerators used in modern research generally come in two varieties: those that are seeking to accelerate particles to the highest energies (such as CERN's Large Hadron Collider) and those seeking to accelerate particles to lower energies but with beams that are far more intense i.e. containing more particles than those used at the highest energies. These high-intensity particle accelerators deliver beams with MW of power and have a variety of potential applications ranging from material science, nuclear waste transmutation, nuclear power production to producing high energy beams of muons and neutrinos that can be used to understand why the universe has such a preponderance of matter over antimatter. One of the world's most intense sources of neutrons is provided by the ISIS proton accelerator at the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Didcot which uses neutrons to image and develop new materials and drugs with applications to new types of electronics, food science, environmental science, civil engineering, transportation, aerospace and healthcare. However to satisfy the needs of the researchers developing these applications both in terms of throughput and image quality and to provide the high intensity neutrino and muon beams needed for particle physics research requires new accelerators to be developed capable of sustaining higher power beams. This project which is a collaboration between scientists in the UK and in the USA (at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory [FNAL], just outside Chicago) will develop the first stages of this accelerator that will be harnessed in several new accelerators including: an upgrade to to the RAL ISIS facility, the European Spallation Neutron Source (ESS) and Project-X in FNAL.