Pix3D - A 3D sample identification system combining X-ray imaging and diffraction based on a pixellated, energy dispersive detector.

在拍摄透射X射线图像时有许多示例，其中图像的正确解释将受益于能够正确识别和识别存在的材料。如果对象不是薄板，则在3D空间中隔离和分离材料的能力变得非常重要。这种能力可以改变X射线成像使用的一个例子是安全性。我们将针对四个应用领域：1.爆炸物和武器-非法进口到联合王国的武器和爆炸物用于暴力犯罪和恐怖活动。在联合王国入境点检测和识别这些物品是联合王国政府的优先事项，也是减少犯罪和破坏联合王国恐怖主义威胁的关键。非法药物-使用非法药物每年花费英国154亿英镑，由于对使用者的身体伤害，药物依赖性以及对家庭，社区和社会的影响，对公共卫生产生了巨大影响。联合王国政府于2010年实施了一项新战略，主要目的是限制毒品供应，内政部CAST非常积极地开发新技术，以检测毒品和其他违禁物质。新的精神活性物质（兴奋剂）-类似的兴奋剂或“法律的兴奋剂”可能带来严重的健康风险。通常，它们所含的化学品不允许人类食用，因此所产生的影响是未知和不可预测的。在最近的一次审查中，联合王国政府概述了一项处理日益严重的吸毒问题的行动计划。该行动计划的核心是让英国边境管理局能够识别进入英国的毒品货物，以便扣押和销毁。假冒药品-不合格和假冒药品的销售占全球贸易的10%，影响到许多国家（主要是发展中国家，但也有发达国家，程度较轻），造成严重的下游费用、资源短缺和健康损害。英国药品和医疗保健监管局（MHRA）的主要目标之一是防止假药进入供应链，并让批发商承担更多责任，以确保药品来自合法供应商，并报告任何可疑活动。该提案是提供一种X射线成像和分析系统，能够非侵入性地识别爆炸物，非法药物，行李、小包、盒子和其他容器内的法律的兴奋剂和假药。该系统将提供高分辨率的透射图像，以及对较大3D体积内选定材料的分析和定位（例如，包含其他物品的包裹内的一包非法药物）。该项目的核心是UCL在内政部和国土安全部的支持下开发的一种新型X射线衍射技术，该技术已被证明对此非常有效。现在，这将得到增强，以便快速，完整的3D功能将允许更大，更复杂的容器，如在现实世界中发现的应用，进行分析。

There are many examples when taking a transmission X-ray image where correct interpretation of that image would benefit from being able to correctly identify and characterise the materials that are present. If the object is anything other than a thin sheet the ability to isolate and characterise materials in 3D space becomes important. An example where this ability could transform the use of X-ray imaging is security. We will target four areas of application:1. Explosives and weapons - Weapons and explosives illegally imported into the UK are used in violent crime and terrorist activities. Detection and identification of these items at UK points of entry is a priority for the UK Government and is key to reducing crime and disrupting the UK based terrorist threat.2. Illicit drugs - The use of illicit drugs costs the UK £15.4 billion per year, and has massive implications for public health due to physical harm to users, drug dependencies, and the effect on families, community and society. The UK Government implemented a new strategy in 2010 with a main aim of restricting the supply of drugs, and the Home Office CAST is very active in developing new technology for the detection of drugs and other contraband substances.3. New psychoactive substances (NPS) - Similarly NPS or 'legal highs' can carry serious health risks. Typically the chemicals they contain are not endorsed for human consumption and the resulting effects are unknown and unpredictable. In a recent review, the UK Government outlined an action plan for dealing with the growing NPS problem. Central to the action plan was for the UK Border Agency to be able to identify shipments of NPS entering the UK so they can be seized and destroyed.4. Counterfeit drugs - The sale of substandard and counterfeit pharmaceutical products accounts for 10% of global trade and is affecting many countries (mainly developing countries but also developed countries to a lesser extent), causing serious downstream expense, resource shortages and detriment to health. One of the main aims of the UK Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is preventing counterfeit drugs entering the supply chain with more responsibility being put on the wholesaler to ensure drugs are sourced from legitimate suppliers and to report any suspicious activity.The proposal is to deliver an X-ray imaging and analysis system that is capable of non-invasively identifying explosives, illicit drugs, legal highs and counterfeit pharmaceuticals within baggage, packets, boxes and other containers. The system will provide high resolution transmission images as well as the analysis and position of selected materials within a larger 3D volume (e.g. a packet of illegal drugs within a parcel containing other items). Central to this project is a novel X-ray diffraction technique developed at UCL with Home Office and Department of Homeland Security backing, which has been proven to be highly effective for this purpose. This will now be enhanced such that rapid, full 3D capability will allow larger, more complex containers, as are found in real-world applications, to be analysed.