New Frontiers in Particle Physics and Cosmology

粒子物理学研究的是自然界的基本组成部分，它们如何相互作用，以及它们如何导致我们从最小尺度到最大尺度的观察。建立在量子场论（QFT）基础上的标准模型（SM）对迄今为止从对撞机到天文观测的所有数据进行了令人印象深刻的精确描述。然而，从粒子质量的模式到我们缺乏量子引力理论，我们还不了解很多方面。大型强子对撞机（LHC）已经积累了大量的数据，并发现了一种类似希格斯的粒子。在接下来的十年里，大型强子对撞机将产生重大影响，可能会发现超越SM的新物理学。到目前为止，这种新物理学的唯一证据是中微子的质量和混合，这可能会揭示粒子质量的模式，四种力的强度，宇宙中物质比反物质的丰度，暗物质和暗能量。即将进行的实验将进一步阐明这些问题。我们通过NExT研究所与大型强子对撞机有着密切的联系，并将通过设计搜索和解释数据的策略，例如通过我们与超级计算机的易于使用的接口（HEPMDB），帮助实验者发现新的物理学。一个共同的线索是违反电荷共轭对称(C)和宇称(P)的组合，这可能很快会在导致重大突破的新领域中观察到。为了确定我们已经发现了新的物理学，我们需要排除SM的微妙影响，或者通过观察与SM的微小偏差来间接地推断它。强大的核力（QCD）可能会使这变得困难，但我们在使用最先进的超级计算机（如IBM BlueGene/Q）计算这些效应方面拥有出色的专业知识。继续发展QFT是很重要的，例如，新的严格约束理论已经被发现，在长距离或短距离上变得无质量。我们用这些来更好地预测粒子散射，更好地理解重新引入质量的理论，或者研究量子引力。“全息术”的概念将量子cd和黑洞等显然非常不同的系统联系在一起。我们正在开发它，以了解更多关于量子引力的知识，并利用引力来研究量子cd，包括在极端环境下，比如中子星的核心。

Particle physics is the study of the fundamental building blocks of nature, how they interact and how they lead to what we observe from the smallest scales to the largest. The Standard Model (SM), which is built on quantum field theory (QFT), is an impressively accurate description of all data to date, from colliders to astronomical observations. Nevertheless, there are many aspects we do not understand from the pattern of particle masses to our lack of a quantum theory of gravity. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been accumulating huge amounts of data, and famously has discovered a Higgs-like particle. Over the next decade the LHC will have a major impact, possibly discovering new physics beyond the SM. So far the only evidence for such new physics is neutrino mass & mixing, which may yet shed light on the pattern of particle masses, strength of the four forces, abundance of matter over anti-matter in the universe, dark matter and dark energy. Upcoming experiments will shed further light on these questions. We have close links to the LHC through the NExT institute and will help experimenters discover new physics, by devising strategies for searches and interpreting the data, for example through our easy-to-use interface (HEPMDB) to supercomputers. A common thread is the violation of the combination of charge conjugation symmetry (C) and parity (P), which may be observed soon in new sectors leading to major breakthroughs. In order to be sure that we have found new physics we need exclude subtle effects of the SM, or help deduce it indirectly by observing small deviations from SM. The strong nuclear force (QCD) can make this difficult, but we have outstanding expertise in computing these effects using state-of-the-art supercomputers, such as the IBM BlueGene/Q.It is important to continue to develop QFT, e.g. new tightly constrained theories have been found that become massless, at long or short distances. We use these to make better predictions of particle scattering and to better understand theories when mass is re-introduced or to work towards quantum gravity. The notion of "holography" has linked apparently very different systems such as QCD and Black Holes. We are developing it to learn more about a quantum gravity, and use gravity to study QCD including in extreme environments such as the cores of neutron stars.