New Frontiers in Particle Physics, Cosmology and Gravity

粒子物理学研究的是自然界的基本组成部分，它们如何相互作用，以及它们如何导致我们从最小尺度到最大尺度的观察。建立在量子场论（QFT）基础上的标准模型（SM）对迄今为止从对撞机到天文观测的所有数据进行了令人印象深刻的精确描述。然而，从粒子质量的模式到我们缺乏量子引力理论，我们还不了解很多方面。大型强子对撞机（LHC）将在未来十年积累越来越多的数据；它在2012年发现了著名的希格斯粒子，并可能发现超越SM的新物理学。到目前为止，这种新物理学的唯一实验证据是中微子的质量和混合，这可能会揭示粒子质量的模式，四种力的强度，以及宇宙中物质比反物质、暗物质和暗能量的丰度的观察。接下来的实验将解决这些问题。我们通过NExT研究所与大型强子对撞机保持着密切的联系，并将通过设计搜索和解释数据的策略来帮助实验者发现新的物理学，例如通过我们易于使用的超级计算机界面（HEPMDB）和为以前被忽视的物理学定义新的触发器（将在当前的大型强子对撞机升级中实现）。一个共同的线索是违反电荷共轭对称(C)和宇称(P)的组合，这可能很快会在导致重大突破的新领域中观察到。为了确定我们已经发现了新的物理学，我们必须从SM中排除细微的影响，或者从SM的微小偏差中间接推断出它。强核力（QCD）可能会使这变得困难，但我们在使用最先进的超级计算机计算这些效应方面拥有出色的专业知识，现在已经达到了一定的精度，我们必须包括电磁效应（QED）和夸克质量差异。继续发展QFT是很重要的，例如，新的严格约束理论已经被发现，在长距离或短距离上变得无质量。我们用这些来更好地预测粒子散射，更好地理解重新引入质量的理论，或者研究量子引力。“全息术”的概念将量子cd和黑洞等显然非常不同的系统联系在一起。我们正在开发它，以了解更多关于量子引力的知识，并利用引力来研究量子cd，包括在极端环境下，比如中子星的核心。我们正在扩展晶格场理论模拟来研究重力和宇宙学（早期宇宙物理学），包括测试全息模型。

Particle physics is the study of the fundamental building blocks of nature, how they interact and how they lead to what we observe from the smallest scales to the largest. The Standard Model (SM), which is built on quantum field theory (QFT), is an impressively accurate description of all data to date, from colliders to astronomical observations. Nevertheless, there are many aspects we do not understand from the pattern of particle masses to our lack of a quantum theory of gravity. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will accumulate ever-increasing amounts of data over the next decade; it famously discovered the Higgs particle in 2012 and could possibly discover new physics beyond the SM. So far the only experimental evidence for such new physics is neutrino mass & mixing, which may yet shed light on the pattern of particle masses, strength of the four forces, and observations of abundance of matter over anti-matter in the universe, dark matter and dark energy. Upcoming experiments will address these questions. We have close links to the LHC through the NExT institute and will help experimenters discover new physics, by devising strategies for searches and interpreting the data, for example through our easy-to-use interface (HEPMDB) to supercomputers and the definition of new triggers (to be implemented in the current LHC upgrade) for physics previously overlooked. A common thread is the violation of the combination of charge conjugation symmetry (C) and parity (P), which may be observed soon in new sectors leading to major breakthroughs. In order to be sure that we have found new physics we must exclude subtle effects from the SM, or deduce it indirectly from small deviations from the SM. The strong nuclear force (QCD) can make this difficult, but we have outstanding expertise in computing these effects using state-of-the-art supercomputers and have now reached a level of precision where we must include effects of electromagnetism (QED) and differences in the masses of the quarks.It is important to continue to develop QFT, e.g. new tightly constrained theories have been found that become massless, at long or short distances. We use these to make better predictions of particle scattering and to better understand theories when mass is re-introduced or to work towards quantum gravity. The notion of "holography" has linked apparently very different systems such as QCD and Black Holes. We are developing it to learn more about a quantum gravity, and use gravity to study QCD including in extreme environments such as the cores of neutron stars. We are extending lattice field theory simulations to study gravity and cosmology (early-universe physics), including testing holographic models.