Finding true LUV

在过去的几十年里，粒子物理的标准模型(SM)，它描述了我们目前在基本尺度上对自然的认识，已经通过各种实验进行了探索，并成功地预测和/或解释了到目前为止观察到的大多数物理现象。2012年发现了SM的最后一块碎片--希格斯玻色子，这是对SM威力的一个值得注意的验证。然而，正如艾萨克·阿斯米奥夫的名言所言：“科学界最令人兴奋的短语，也就是预示着新发现的短语，不是‘尤里卡’，而是‘这很有趣！’”，幸运的是，仍然有一些“有趣的”现象，这些现象在我们的理论描述中并不完全被理解，而是当今寻找新粒子和新力量的主题。在我们目前的理解中，物质由12个基本粒子组成：6个夸克(u，d，S，c，b，t，按质量递增排序)和6个轻子，包括与其更重的伙伴电子，Muon和tau，以及它们的三个相关中微子。正如中微子在过去几十年令我们惊讶一样，带电轻子(电子，Muon，tau)也是值得研究的。我们期望带电轻子除了它们的质量外，还具有相同的性质，并由相同的过程以相同的概率产生(轻子普适性)。相反，最新的实验结果暗示了这一原理的打破(轻子普适性破坏-LUV)。我的提议的目的是阐明这些反常现象：证实或反驳这一效应，并调查哪种类型的过程超出了我们目前的理论描述，是导致这种“有趣”观测的原因。对轻子普适性的最精确测试比较了b强子，即夸克的束缚态，包含至少一个b型夸克(或反夸克)，衰变成包括不同带电轻子和中微子的粒子。我将高精度地测量自然界中这些衰变的丰度的差异，以确定是否违反了轻子普适性。此外，我将测量不同的量，以更好地了解这些b强子衰变的过程，确定可能的新物理现象的性质。我将使用在大型强子对撞机(LHC)的LHCb实验中收集的数百万个b强子衰变的样本。大型强子对撞机位于日内瓦郊外地下100米处，以地球实验室以前从未达到的能量碰撞质子，LHCb实验是目前测量b-强子性质的最佳设备。为了确保这些测量的最终精度，我将为未来在高光度大型强子对撞机阶段(2026-2038年)LHCb的升级提出跟踪系统设计。我将面临几个重大挑战，包括探索分析巨大数据样本的新策略，使用最新计算技术开发高效软件，以及使用新兴技术设计新探测器。通过应对这些挑战，我的提议在科学和工业领域产生了超出该项目直接科学范围的影响。

Over the last few decades, the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, which describes our current knowledge of nature at fundamental scales, has been probed by a broad variety of experiments, and it has successfully predicted, and/or explained most of the physical phenomena observed so far. A notable verification of the power of the SM was the discovery in 2012 of its final piece, the Higgs boson. However, as Isaac Asmiov famously said, "The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka!' but 'that's funny!'", and luckily there are still "funny" phenomena, which are not completely understood in our theoretical description, and are the subjects of today's searches for new particles and forces. In our current understanding, matter consists of twelve fundamental particles: the six quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t ordered by increasing mass), and six leptons, including the electron with its heavier partners, the muon and the tau, and their three associated neutrinos.Just as the neutrinos have surprised us in the last decades, the charged leptons (electron, muon, tau) are also important to investigate. We expect the charged leptons to have identical properties, besides their mass, and to be produced with the same probability by the same processes (Lepton Universality). Instead, the most recent experimental results hint at a breaking of this principle (Lepton Universality Violation - LUV). The goal of my proposal is to shed some light on these anomalies: to confirm or disprove the effect and investigate which type of processes beyond our current theoretical description are responsible for such "funny" observations.The most precise tests of lepton universality compare b-hadrons, bound states of quarks, containing at least a quark (or antiquark) of b-type decaying into particles including different charged leptons and neutrinos. I will measure the difference in the abundance of these decays in nature with high precision, in order to establish if lepton universality is violated or not. In addition, I will measure different quantities to better understand the processes responsible for these b-hadrons decays, identifying the nature of possible new physics phenomena.I will use samples of millions of b-hadron decays collected with the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC, located 100m underground just outside Geneva, collides protons at energies that have never previously been reached in a laboratory on Earth and the LHCb experiment is currently the best apparatus to measure b-hadron properties. To ensure ultimate precision in these measurements, I will propose a tracking system design for future LHCb upgrades during the High-Luminosity LHC phase (2026-2038).I will face several significant challenges, including the exploration of new strategies to analyse huge data samples, development of efficient software using the latest computing technologies, and design of new detectors using emerging technologies. By addressing these challenges, my proposal generates an impact in science and industry beyond the immediate scientific scope of the project.