Finding true LUV

在过去的几十年里，粒子物理学的标准模型（SM），描述了我们目前在基本尺度上对自然的认识，已经通过各种各样的实验进行了探索，它已经成功地预测和/或解释了迄今为止观察到的大多数物理现象。2012年发现的希格斯玻色子（Higgs boson）是对SM力量的一个显著验证。然而，正如艾萨克·阿斯米诺夫（Isaac Asmiov）的名言所言：“在科学界听到的最激动人心的话，预示着新发现的那句话，并不是‘我找到了！，但“真有趣！”幸运的是，仍然有一些“有趣”的现象，它们在我们的理论描述中还没有完全理解，它们是今天寻找新粒子和新力的主题。在我们目前的理解中，物质由12个基本粒子组成：6个夸克（u、d、s、c、b、t按质量递增顺序排列）和6个轻子，包括电子及其较重的伙伴，μ子和τ子，以及它们相关的3个中微子。正如中微子在过去几十年让我们感到惊讶一样，带电轻子（电子、介子、tau）也很重要。我们期望带电轻子除了质量之外，还具有相同的性质，并且通过相同的过程以相同的概率产生（轻子普适性）。相反，最近的实验结果暗示了这一原则的打破（轻子普适违反- LUV）。我的建议的目的是阐明这些异常现象：证实或反驳这种效应，并调查超出我们目前理论描述的哪一种过程负责这种“有趣”的观察。最精确的轻子普适性测试比较了b强子，夸克的束缚态，包含至少一个b型夸克（或反夸克）衰变成包括不同带电轻子和中微子的粒子。我将以高精度测量自然界中这些衰变丰度的差异，以确定是否违反了轻子的普适性。此外，我将测量不同的量，以更好地理解这些b强子衰变的过程，识别可能的新物理现象的本质。我将使用在大型强子对撞机（LHC）的大型强子对撞机实验中收集的数百万个b强子衰变样本。大型强子对撞机位于日内瓦外地下100米处，其质子对撞的能量是地球上实验室从未达到的，而大型强子对撞机实验是目前测量b强子性质的最佳设备。为了确保这些测量的最终精度，我将提出一种跟踪系统设计，用于高亮度LHC阶段（2026-2038）的未来LHCb升级。我将面临几个重大挑战，包括探索分析大量数据样本的新策略，使用最新计算技术开发高效软件，以及使用新兴技术设计新的探测器。通过解决这些挑战，我的建议在科学和工业方面产生了超出项目直接科学范围的影响。

Over the last few decades, the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, which describes our current knowledge of nature at fundamental scales, has been probed by a broad variety of experiments, and it has successfully predicted, and/or explained most of the physical phenomena observed so far. A notable verification of the power of the SM was the discovery in 2012 of its final piece, the Higgs boson. However, as Isaac Asmiov famously said, "The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka!' but 'that's funny!'", and luckily there are still "funny" phenomena, which are not completely understood in our theoretical description, and are the subjects of today's searches for new particles and forces. In our current understanding, matter consists of twelve fundamental particles: the six quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t ordered by increasing mass), and six leptons, including the electron with its heavier partners, the muon and the tau, and their three associated neutrinos.Just as the neutrinos have surprised us in the last decades, the charged leptons (electron, muon, tau) are also important to investigate. We expect the charged leptons to have identical properties, besides their mass, and to be produced with the same probability by the same processes (Lepton Universality). Instead, the most recent experimental results hint at a breaking of this principle (Lepton Universality Violation - LUV). The goal of my proposal is to shed some light on these anomalies: to confirm or disprove the effect and investigate which type of processes beyond our current theoretical description are responsible for such "funny" observations.The most precise tests of lepton universality compare b-hadrons, bound states of quarks, containing at least a quark (or antiquark) of b-type decaying into particles including different charged leptons and neutrinos. I will measure the difference in the abundance of these decays in nature with high precision, in order to establish if lepton universality is violated or not. In addition, I will measure different quantities to better understand the processes responsible for these b-hadrons decays, identifying the nature of possible new physics phenomena.I will use samples of millions of b-hadron decays collected with the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC, located 100m underground just outside Geneva, collides protons at energies that have never previously been reached in a laboratory on Earth and the LHCb experiment is currently the best apparatus to measure b-hadron properties. To ensure ultimate precision in these measurements, I will propose a tracking system design for future LHCb upgrades during the High-Luminosity LHC phase (2026-2038).I will face several significant challenges, including the exploration of new strategies to analyse huge data samples, development of efficient software using the latest computing technologies, and design of new detectors using emerging technologies. By addressing these challenges, my proposal generates an impact in science and industry beyond the immediate scientific scope of the project.