A STIMULUS CONTROL ANALYSIS OF ATTENDING

在典型的发展中儿童，最初缓慢，一次一个单词的学习是由一个明显的“爆炸”在他们的词汇。一项估计表明，孩子们通过缓慢而刻意的努力，每天学习多达9个新单词（例如，姆克林，1993）。然而，词汇学习是人类发展的一个基本组成部分，对高级语言功能（例如句法操作）是必要的，并有助于复杂的表征技能（例如分类; Bowerman，1988）。然而，词汇学习是人类发展的一个基本组成部分，是高级语言学所必需的; Bowerman，1998）。如果认知障碍干扰了脊髓学习，那么这些领域的进展就会受到相应的限制。因此，有必要详细探讨智力落后的词汇障碍的性质。严重智力迟钝者词汇习得困难的存在提出了重要的问题。当词汇量迅速扩大时，什么语言/认知过程支持这种学习？如果没有发生，哪些技能是缺乏或缺乏的？一种被称为快速映射的现象可能与快速词汇扩展最有潜在的相关性。快速映射指的是“快速、初步、部分地理解一个‘新’词的含义”，来源于词语使用的上下文（Rice，1989，p.152）。快速映射被认为有助于词汇扩展。这一建议的作用已经在典型的青少年和唐氏综合症儿童中得到了经验性的证实（Mervis & Bertrand，1994，1995）。然而，来自非典型认知/语言儿童的证据最近对这种关系的普遍性提出了挑战。我自己的研究（威尔金森和绿色，1997年）增加了初步证据，表明严重智力迟钝、威廉姆斯综合征或特定语言目的的词汇扩展个体在快速映射方面存在选择性缺陷。这些最近的研究结果要求更系统地分析的确切作用的原则在学习成果中的精神发育迟滞。快速映射在严重智力迟钝的个体中是否存在风险，可能会限制他们的词汇扩展？我提出了一个为期五年的词汇扩展和延迟的研究，特别是对现存的，但有限的，词汇量的快速扩展的重点。本研究将实施由申请人（威尔金森和绿色，199）开发的方法，首次使系统分析未解决的问题，词汇扩展严重智力迟钝。

In typically-developing children, initially slow, one-at-a-time word learning is followed by an apparent "explosion" in their lexicon. One estimate suggests that children are learning up to nine new words a day through slow and deliberate effort (e.g., McLean, 1993). Yet word learning is a foundational component of human development, necessary for advanced linguistic functions (e.g. syntactic operations) and contributing to complex representation skills (for instance, categorization; Bowerman, 1988). Yet word learning is a foundational component of human development, necessary for advanced linguistic ; Bowerman, 1998). To the extent that a cognitive disability interferes with cord learning, progress in these domains will be correspondingly limited. It is therefore essential to explore in detail the nature of lexical impairments in mental retardation. The existence of difficulties in lexical acquisition among individuals with severe mental retardation raises important questions. When rapid vocabulary expansion occurs, what linguistic/cognitive processes support that learning? When it does not occur, what skills are deficient or absent? A phenomenon called fast mapping may be of greatest potential relevance for rapid vocabulary expansion. Fast mapping refers to a "quick, initial, partial understanding of a 'new' word's meaning" derived from the context of word use )Rice, 1989, p.152). Fast mapping has been argued to facilitate the vocabulary expansion. This proposed role has received empirical confirmation in typical youngsters and children with Down Syndrome )Mervis & Bertrand, 1994, 1995). Yet evidence from children with atypical cognition/language has recently challenged the universality of this relation. My own studies (Wilkinson & Green, 1997) have added to preliminary evidence of selective deficits in fast mapping among individuals with severe mental retardation, Williams Syndrome, or specific language purpose of vocabulary expansion. These recent findings oblige a more systematic analysis of the precise role of the principle in learning outcomes in mental retardation. Is fast mapping at risk in individuals with severe mental retardation, potentially limiting their vocabulary expansion? I propose a five-year study of vocabulary expansion and delay, focusing specifically on rapid expansion of an extant, but limited, vocabulary. This study will implement methods developed by the applicant (Wilkinson & Green, 199) that for the first time enable systematic analysis of unresolved questions of lexical expansion in severe mental retardation.