DD-DSM: Demonstration of Distributed Demand-side Management as a service to the UK grid operator

分布式用电需求侧管理示范项目将提供一个概念，使空调机组能够为电力系统运营商提供运营服务，特别是频率控制、备用和其他系统平衡服务。它通过利用建筑物中的固有热能储存并根据系统要求以规定的方式安排其运行来实现这一点。使用这种方法应该允许较少的传统工厂被调度来提供这种频率调节，从而节省能量和金钱。可变和难以预测的风力发电将在英国政府到2020年将可再生能源的目标从20%提高到40%方面发挥重要作用。我们的初步分析表明，如果使用传统的系统平衡方法，系统适应风力发电水平增加的能力将非常有限。考虑到英国A/C类型需求的总装机容量将在2.5 GW和4 GW之间，该技术完全参与系统平衡（提供储备和灵活性）可以显著提高系统吸收风力的能力。在项目期间开发的模型将用于评估这种需求侧管理的限制和价值，并对目前的商业和监管框架，并建议其改进的替代方案，以促进具有成本效益的需求侧管理技术在系统运行和开发中的整合。在这种情况下，帝国团队将进行以下研究任务：（i）商业建筑的热和电力需求建模：在这项任务中，将对A/C消费者的电力和热负荷进行建模和分析。将对热惯性进行建模，以开发A/C的电气负载和控制策略，包括断开或修改恒温器设置。将包括一些关键因素的影响，例如建筑物特性（例如尺寸、方向、几何形状、建筑材料）、当地气候条件（例如温度、湿度、辐射）和空调系统（例如舒适度设置、空调设备特性）。这将包括在替代控制策略下评估A/C负荷，包括释放控制动作后增加的能耗的影响，以恢复所需的空间温度。(ii)在这项任务中，我们将研究和开发一种新的模型来模拟发电系统的运行与可控需求的存在，可以用来作为一种资源，提供短期的需求-供应平衡能力，如高峰负荷管理（负荷转移）和储备和频率调节服务的提供。其中一个关键挑战将是选择最佳的A/C控制策略组合，以最大限度地降低系统峰值负荷，并优化系统储备的提供。此外，将建立一个综合的容量充裕度方法来检查的贡献，A/C可控负荷可以在增加间歇性发电的容量价值。(iii)评估系统效益及将需求管理纳入商业及规管架构：这项工作的主要目的，是量化采用需求管理提供供求平衡能力（减少高峰负荷及/或提供负荷频率调节及备用服务）的效益，以及巩固间歇发电的价值。这还将包括评估相应的二氧化碳排放量节省和可归因于DSM的增强安全程度的量化。然后，我们将研究如何识别的需求响应和需求侧管理的好处可以实现在分散的电力市场的背景下。

Demonstration of Distributed Demand Side Management (DD-DSM) will provide a concept that allows air-conditioning units to contribute operational services to electricity system operators, in particular frequency control, reserve and other system balancing services. It does this by making use of the intrinsic thermal energy storage in the buildings and by scheduling their operation in a prescribed manner in relation to system requirements. Using such an approach should allow less conventional plant to be scheduled to provide this frequency regulation, thus saving energy and money. Variable and difficult-to-predict wind power will play a major role in delivery of the UK Government increased targets for Renewables by 2020, from 20% up to 40%. Our preliminary analysis suggest that the ability of the system to accommodate such increased levels of wind generation will be very limited if traditional approaches for system balancing are used. Given that the total installed capacity of A/C type demand in the UK will be between 2.5 GW and 4 GW a full participation of this technology in system balancing (providing reserves and flexibility) could significantly enhance the ability of the system to absorb wind power.Models developed during the project will be used to assess the limits and value of this kind of DSM and undertake a review of the present commercial and regulatory framework and suggest alternatives for its improvements in order to facilitate a cost effective integration of DSM technologies in system operation and development. In this context, Imperial team will be carried out the following research tasks:(i) Thermal and electrical demand modelling of commercial buildings: In this Task an analysis of the electrical and thermal loads of consumers with A/C will be modelled and analysed. The thermal inertia will be modelled to develop electrical loads of A/C and control strategies that include disconnections or modification of the thermostat settings. The impact of a number of key factors will be includes, such as building characteristics (e.g. dimensions, orientation, geometry, construction materials), local climate conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, radiation) and conditioning system (e.g. comfort settings, characteristic of A/C equipment). This will include evaluation of A/C loads under alternative control strategies including the effects of increased energy consumption following releases of control actions in order to restore the desired space temperature.(ii) Modelling of system operation and development with controllable loads: In this task we will investigate and develop a novel model to simulate the operation of the generation system with the presence of controllable demand that can be used to as a resource for providing short-term demand-supply balancing capability, such as peak load management (load shifting) and provision of reserve and frequency regulation services. One of the key challenges will be to select optimal combination of A/C control strategies to maximise the system peak load reduction and optimise provision of system reserves. Furthermore, a comprehensive capacity adequacy method will be build to examine the contribution that A/C controllable load can make in increasing the capacity value of intermittent generation.(iii) Evaluation of system benefits and incorporation of DSM in the commercial and regulatory framework: The key objective of this task will be to quantify the benefits of using DSM for providing demand-supply balancing capability (peak load reduction and/or provision of load frequency regulation and reserve services) and the value of firming up intermittent generation. This will also include the evaluation of corresponding savings in CO2 emissions and quantification of the degree of enhanced security that can be attributable to DSM. We will then examine how the identified benefits of Demand Response and DSM can be realised in the context of the decentralised electricity market.