PEDIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY RESEARCH UNIT

拟议的流行病学家庭研究将系统地检查由于基因和家庭/文化环境因素（例如，家庭责任）。在拟议的研究中涉及四个领域：1）与尼古丁依赖的不同表型或特征相关的尼古丁依赖的家族易感性2）尼古丁依赖的病因学中的共同家族责任依赖和非家族环境因素的程度; 4）家族性责任、非家族性因素和可能部分受遗传控制的个体因素（如尼古丁代谢），导致非洲裔美国人和高加索人之间尼古丁依赖的估计差异，这两个目的都是为了突出癌症死亡率高风险群体（非洲裔美国人）中导致尼古丁依赖的因素，并通过比较具有显著不同吸烟特征的种族群体来确定保护因素。这项流行病学病例对照家庭研究旨在检查25至44岁成年人及其家庭中尼古丁依赖的家庭传播。使用这个范围是因为每天吸烟的风险期主要在25岁之前结束，而这些年龄段的成年人仍然可能有活着的父母。根据Fagerstrom尼古丁依赖性试验（FTND）的阈值评分为4或以上，病例将为尼古丁依赖性。对照组将暴露于吸烟（吸烟至少100支），但从不依赖尼古丁（FTND=0）。对于兄弟姐妹和父母双方的情况将被寻求。对于对照，将寻找一个同胞。将与病例和对照家庭成员进行直接面谈。收集的信息将包括他们的吸烟情况、精神疾病和其他药物使用情况，以及人口统计和病史信息。所有受访的家庭成员将提供吸烟、物质使用和精神疾病的家族史。此外，病例组和对照组将被问及其后代的吸烟、饮酒和行为问题。本研究为尼古丁依赖遗传学合作研究中的遗传和代谢研究提供了基于人群的背景。确认、访谈和数据管理将在研究中整合。此外，作为项目1、2和3的科学整合所提供的独特机会的一部分，我们将在尼古丁依赖风险因素模型的开发中纳入广泛因素的遗传、代谢和流行病学指标。

The propose epidemiologic family study will systematically examine the vulnerability to nicotine dependence due to the combined transmission of genes and family/cultural environmental factors (e.g., familial liability). Four areas are addressed in the proposed study: 1) the familial liability for nicotine dependence associated with different phenotypes or characteristics of nicotine dependence (e.g. also meeting DSM-IV criteria); 2) the degree of shared familial liability dependence and non- familial environmental factors in the etiology of nicotine dependence; 4) familial liability, non-familial factors, and individual factors that may be partially under genetic control (such as nicotine metabolism) that contribute to estimated differences in nicotine dependence between African Americans and Caucasians, both to spotlight factors that contribute to nicotine dependence in a group at high risk of cancer mortality (African Americans) and to identify protective factors by comparing racial groups with substantially different cigarette smoking profiles. This epidemiologic case-control family study is designed to examine the familial transmission of nicotine dependence among adults 25 to 44 years of age and their families. This range will be used because the period of risk for daily smoking is largely concluded by age 25 and adults between these ages are still likely to have living parents. Cases will be nicotine dependent by a threshold score of 4 or more on the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Controls will be smoking exposed (having smoked at least 100 cigarettes) but never nicotine dependent (FTND=0). For cases on sibling and both parents will be sought. For controls one sibling will be sought. Direct interviews will be conducted with the case and control family members. The information gathered will include their cigarette smoking, psychiatric disorders, and other substance use, as well as demographic and medical history information. All of the interviewed family members will provide family history of cigarette smoking, substance use and psychiatric disorders. Additionally, cases and controls will be asked about the cigarette smoking, alcohol use and behavior problems of their offspring. This study provides a population-based context for genetic and metabolism studies in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Nicotine Dependence. Ascertainment, interviewing, and data management will be integrated across studies. Additionally, as part of the unique opportunity presented by the scientific integration of Projects 1, 2, and 3 we will incorporate genetic, metabolic and epidemiologic measures of a broad array for factors in the development of risk factor models for nicotine dependence.