MECHANISMS OF PARTICLE-INDUCED LUNG DISEASE

各种人造颗粒物是环境纤维增生性肺病的来源。这些疾病的一个关键特征是成纤维细胞增生。我们研究了五氧化二钒引起肺纤维化的机制。我们最近的实验表明，钒损伤大鼠引起气道重塑与支气管周围纤维化，粘液细胞化生和平滑肌细胞增厚，这是符合哮喘的病理。大鼠体内实验表明，钒可诱导血小板衍生生长因子受体（PDGF-Ra）。体外实验已经阐明了介导PDGF-Ra诱导的机制。所需的信号传导中间体是p38 MAP激酶，其稳定PDGF-Ra mRNA，从而上调该受体的表达。我们还观察到，有丝分裂原活化蛋白（MAP）激酶在体内激活钒诱导的肺损伤。在体外，我们研究了钒诱导的MAP激酶激活的机制，发现钒通过氧化剂介导的机制引起表皮生长因子受体（EGF-R）的磷酸化，然后触发下游分子如Raf-1、MEK-1和MAP激酶的激活。通过免疫组织化学观察到，钒暴露后体内肺细胞中硝基酪氨酸的形成是一个潜在的重要观察结果。这表明过氧亚硝酸盐在钒诱导的肺纤维化中的作用。在体外，硝基酪氨酸的形成与MAP激酶活化和受体酪氨酸激酶（包括PDGF-R和EGF-R）的活化有关。MAP激酶激活和生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶的磷酸化的金属，如钒和氧化剂，如过氧亚硝酸盐的后果仍有待阐明，但据推测，这些环境因素导致参与增殖信号的蛋白质失调。最后，我们已经表明，酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在体内给药阻断五氧化二钒诱导的肺纤维化的进展。预计这些研究将导致环境诱导的炎性肺病的治疗干预。

A variety of man-made particles are sources of environmental fibroproliferative lung diseases. A key feature of these diseases is fibroblast hyperplasia. We have investigated the mechanisms through with a fibrogenic metal, vanadium pentoxide, causes lung fibrosis. Our recent experiments have demonstrated that vanadium injury in rats causes airway remodeling associated with peribronchiolar fibrosis, mucous cell metaplasia and smooth muscle cell thickening, which is consistent with the pathology of asthma. In vivo experiments in rats have shown that vanadium causes induction of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-Ra). In vitro experiments have elucidated the mechanisms that mediate PDGF-Ra induction. A required signaling intermediate is p38 MAP kinase, which stabilizes the PDGF-Ra mRNA and thereby up-regulates the expression of this receptor. We have also observed that mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are activated in vivo following vanadium-induced lung injury. In vitro, we have investigated the mechanism of vanadium-induced MAP kinase activation and discovered that vanadium acts via an oxidant-mediated mechanism to cause phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), which then triggers downstream activation of molecules such as Raf-1, MEK-1 and MAP kinase. A potentially important observation regards the formation of nitrotyrosine in lung cells in vivo following vanadium exposure as observed by immunohistochemistry. This suggests a role for peroxynitrite in vanadium-induced lung fibrosis. In vitro, nitrotyrosine formation is associated with MAP kinase activation and activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, including PDGF-R and EGF-R. The consequence of MAP kinase activation and phosphorylation of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases by metals such as vanadium and oxidants such as peroxynitrite remains to be elucidated, but it is postulated that these environmental agents cause dysregulation of proteins involved in proliferative signaling. Finally, we have shown that tyrosine kinase inhibitors administered in vivo block the progression of lung fibrosis induced by vanadium pentoxide. It is anticipated that these studies will lead to therapeutic intervention of environmentally-induced, inflammatory lung diseases.