How does large scale native woodland restoration affect

大规模的原生林地恢复如何影响生物多样性？了解林地扩张的生态影响对于确保土地管理政策的环境、社会和经济目标的协调至关重要。在英国，通过政府和非政府的倡议，预计未来几十年将在开阔的高地沼地上创造大量的原生林地。预计这将有利于具有重要保护意义的林地鸟类，但对同样具有重要保护意义的沼地物种产生负面影响。负面影响可能发生在栖息地的替代和林地边缘效应，包括避免树木和增加捕食压力。然而，我们对这种边缘效应的认识来自于非原生针叶林；对于原生林地是否会产生类似的影响，生态学上的理解很少，而这些信息对政策至关重要。需要解决的具体问题有：林地和沼地鸟类群落的丰度和物种丰富度如何与高地原生林地的形态、邻近性和特征相关？原生林地和开阔地的不同配置对捕食者的数量和活动有何影响？高地原生林地的扩张如何影响开阔地一种重要鸟类的人口统计特征？通过将特定地点的数据密度和多样性与国家鸟类分布数据和林地创造目标地图相结合，能否在全国范围内预测林地创造对鸟类的影响？

How does large scale native woodlandrestoration affect biodiversity?Understanding the ecological impacts of woodlandexpansion is crucial for ensuring that theenvironmental, social and economic aims of theunderlying land management policies are reconciled. Inthe UK, considerable native woodland creation onopen upland moorland is expected over comingdecades through governmental and non-governmentalinitiatives. This is predicted to benefit woodland birdsof conservation importance, but impact negatively onmoorland species, which are themselves also ofconservation importance. Negative impacts may occurthrough habitat replacement and woodland edgeeffectson remaining open ground, including avoidanceof trees and increased predation pressure. However,our knowledge of such edge-effects is derived fromnon-native coniferous woodland; there is littleecological understanding of whether similar effectsresult from native woodland, and such information is ofcritical policy importance.Specific questions to address are:1. How does the abundance and species richness ofwoodland and moorland bird communities vary inrelation to the configuration, proximity andcharacteristics of upland native woodland?2. How is the abundance and movement of predatorsinfluenced by different configurations of nativewoodland and open ground?3. How does native woodland expansion in theuplands affect the demographics of a key birdspecies of open ground?4. Can the impacts of woodland creation on birds bepredicted nationally, by combining site-specific dataon densities and diversities with national birddistribution data and targeting maps for woodland creation?