Effects of cigarette smoke on fetal and infant development

怀孕期间吸烟会在出生后造成有害的发育结果，这是一个令人严重关切的问题，只有47%的妇女在怀孕期间成功戒烟。尽管众所周知，怀孕期间吸烟会导致一系列有害的发育结果，包括学习困难、注意力问题和肺部发育不良。但直接研究吸烟对行为的影响并在产后跟踪这些行为的研究从未被测试过。所有婴儿都将在出生后2个月用贝利婴儿发育量表进行运动和社会情绪行为测试。以前的研究使用了这些量表来评估婴儿从12个月大开始的发育情况。将评估出生前接触尼古丁的婴儿与未接触尼古丁的婴儿之间的差异。将评估吸烟暴露水平与婴儿运动能力以及社会情绪表现之间的关系，并将其与非暴露于香烟烟雾的婴儿进行比较。混合模型ANOVAS将以母亲压力、抑郁和焦虑作为协变量来评估不同组之间的差异。-研究1：暴露在香烟烟雾中对怀孕32周和36周胎儿运动的影响。-研究2：父母对胎儿和婴儿运动与烟雾暴露的关系的理解。-研究3：出生前接触尼古丁对婴儿发育(运动和社会情绪)的影响。-研究4：胎儿和婴儿运动与尼古丁暴露之间的纵向关系，控制母亲的压力、抑郁和焦虑。

Smoking during pregnancy, causes detrimental developmental outcomes post-birth, which is of major concern with only 47% of women successfully quitting during pregnancy. Although it is known that smoking in pregnancy is the cause of a range ofdetrimental developmental outcomes, including learning difficulties, attentional problems and poor lung development.Research directly examining prenatal effects of smoking on behaviour and following up these same behaviours postnatallyhas never been tested. All infants will be tested with the Bayley-Scales-of-Infant-Development at 2 months post-birth onmotor and socio-emotional behaviours. Previous research has used these scales designed to assess development from 1months of age. Differences between infants exposed to nicotine pre-birth controlling for post-birth exposure and non exposedinfants will be assessed. Association between levels of cigarette smoke exposure will be assessed in relation to infant motor performance as well as, socio-emotional performance and compared to non-exposed infants. Mixed model ANOVAs will assess differences between groups using maternal stress, depression and anxiety as covariates.- Study 1: Effects of exposure to cigarette smoke on fetal movement at 32 and 36 weeks gestation.- Study 2: Parental understanding of fetal and infant movement in relation to smoke exposure.- Study 3: Postnatal effects of prenatal exposure to nicotine on infant development (motor and socio-emotion).- Study 4: Longitudinal relationship between fetal and infant movement in relation to exposure to nicotine controlling for maternal stress, depression and anxiety.