Local Order in Conflict: The impact of armed group and state interactions during infrastructure implementation in Colombia

对冲突后安全、犯罪学或关键的冲突后建设和平的研究往往以截然不同的方式探讨犯罪、冲突和发展行为体的作用。通过审查哥伦比亚边缘化地区所涉及的系统和行为体以及全球发展即建设和平努力与犯罪活动和犯罪集团之间的关系，该提案提供了一个关键的视角，探讨全球发展对犯罪和非国家行为体如何谈判冲突后空间的影响。和建设和平的发展已经成为学术界感兴趣的主题一段时间了。然而，尽管有许多关于冲突行为者或犯罪如何对安全和长期建设和平努力产生负面影响的研究，但很少有研究试图了解这些行为者和网络如何反过来受到冲突后发展的国家和全球力量的影响。本建议旨在采取多学科方法，借鉴安全研究，犯罪学和关键的建设和平理论，以考虑如何在塑造冲突后空间所涉及的多个进程对长期和平的可能性有一个独特的和相互关联的影响。特别是，它通过研究哥伦比亚冲突后冲突的多重重叠空间来做到这一点，考虑各种非国家暴力行为者，国家行为者，民间社会，为了在以前被边缘化的地区扩大国家的存在，哥伦比亚总统桑托沙斯提出了ZIDRES法律，旨在使那些发展、基础设施、这种改革以及这些新的参与者和发展的引入可能会对非国家暴力行为者的权力动态产生重大影响，包括复员的哥伦比亚革命武装力量（哥伦比亚武装革命力量）游击队、民族解放军的继续存在（民族解放军）游击队战斗人员以及各种犯罪团伙（Bacrim）和准军事团体仍然在这些边缘化地区活动。因此，本文提出了三个研究问题：1.哥伦比亚冲突后边缘地区的安全动态是如何谈判确定的？2.非国家暴力行为者如何理解和占据边缘空间对发展的可能性有什么影响？这一发展与和平建设有何联系？3.全球发展行动者在仍由非国家暴力行动者和犯罪网络主导的冲突后地区的影响是什么？它们如何影响长期和平的前景？研究设计/理论方向为了解决这一理论空白，本提案认为，冲突后环境中的犯罪和暴力非国家行为者如何影响安全与建设和平的问题应与冲突后过渡的各种进程（包括发展）如何影响犯罪活动的出现的问题相平衡。冲突后重建不仅仅是冲突的直接延续，而是吸收新的行为体，并引入可能加强现有行为体的新制度或进程。国际社会和行动者越来越多地仔细观察和干预冲突的后果，他们的和平路线图预先包装了政府和经济发展的具体方法（里士满和麦金蒂2007）。

Studies of post-conflict security, criminology, or critical post-conflict peacebuilding have often approached the role of criminal, conflict, and development actors in radically different ways. By examining the systems and actors involved in marginalized regions in Colombia and the relationship between global development-as-peacebuilding efforts and criminal activities and groups, this proposal offers a critical perspective on the influence of the global on how criminal and non-state actors negotiate post-conflict spaces.Research AimsThe entanglement of conflict actors, criminal networks, and peacebuilding development has beena subject of interest for the academic world for some time now. However, while there have beennumerous studies on how conflict actors or crime have negative ramifications on security andlong-term peacebuilding efforts, few studies have attempted to understand how these actors andnetworks may be in turn shaped by the national and global forces of post-conflict development.This proposal aims for a multidisciplinary approach that draws from security studies, criminologyand critical peacebuilding theories to consider how the multiple processes involved in shapingpost-conflict spaces have a unique and interconnected effect on the possibility of long-term peace.In particular, it does so by studying the multiple overlapping spaces of the post-conflictenvironment in Colombia, considering how the various non-state violent actors, state-actors, civilsociety, and global actors all interplay and affect the development of peacebuilding.In order to expand state presence in previously marginalized areas, Colombia's President Santoshas introduced the ZIDRES law aimed at making areas with little development, infrastructure, orstate presence more tempting for international and large scale agro-industrial land development.This reform and the introduction of these new actors and developments could have significantrepercussions in the power dynamics of non-state violent actors, including demobilized FARC(Armed Revolutionary Forces of Colombia) guerrillas, the continued presence of ELN (NationalLiberation Army) guerrilla combatants, and the various criminal bands (Bacrim) and paramilitarygroups still operating in these marginalized areas. This proposal therefore offers three researchquestions:1. How are security dynamics negotiated in post-conflict marginal spaces in Colombia thatare targeted for development?2. What is the impact of how non-state violent actors understand and occupy marginalspaces on the possibility of development? How is this development linked topeacebuilding?3. What is the impact of global development actors in post-conflict areas still dominated bynon-state violent actors and criminal networks and how do they affect prospects for longtermpeace?Study design/Theoretical orientationIn order to address this theoretical gap, this proposal argues that the question of how criminal andviolent non-state actors in the post-conflict environment can impact security and peacebuildingshould be balanced with the question of how do the various processes of transitioning fromconflict, including development, influence the emergence of criminal activity. The post-conflictenvironment is not simply a direct continuation of conflict, but rather pulls in new actors, andintroduces new systems or processes that might strengthen existing actors. Increasingly, theaftermath of conflict is carefully observed and intervened in by international communities andactors, whose roadmaps for peace come pre-packaged with specific approaches to governmentand economic development (Richmond and MacGinty 2007).