The gendered impact of migrant integration policies in three regions of Belgium

这一研究项目旨在了解移民融入政策和做法的性别和交叉影响。更具体地说，该项目旨在调查公民融入措施，如移民融入课程，与男子相比如何影响妇女。它将考察比利时三个地区不同非欧盟移民的经历：布鲁塞尔、瓦隆尼亚和佛兰德斯。由于比利时是一个联邦制国家，每个地区都有单独的移民融合政策。在布鲁塞尔，弗兰芒语和法语社区都开设了移民融入课程，非欧盟移民目前没有义务遵循这些课程，尽管这种情况将在2017年改变。这项研究将以两种主要方式填补性别和移徙文献中的重要空白：第一，它将有助于对移徙融合政策和做法的研究采取按性别区分的交叉方法。其次，它将具有开创性，调查移民对融合进程的看法，这是一种目前文献中缺乏的自下而上的方法。它将利用女权主义批评话语分析、《提出什么问题是什么》(WPR)和基于交叉性的政策分析(IBPA)框架来分析关于移民融入的政策话语，使用交叉女性主义理论和建构主义方法。这项分析将遵循演绎的方法来检验一种假设，即比利时的融合政策主要是让移民女性承担与男性相比的“适应”和“改变”的负担。通过对不同移民进行深入的半结构化访谈和重点小组，它将致力于对比利时多区域背景下融合轨迹的性别影响采取一种理论建设的方法。现在是进行这个项目的关键时间点。2016年，瓦隆尼亚为非欧盟移民引入了一门强制性融合课程，自2004年以来，佛兰德斯就已经这样做了。布鲁塞尔还将在2017年推出必修的融合课程。一体化政策的性别和跨部门影响目前总体上是一个研究不足的领域，从未在比利时的背景下进行过研究。令人惊讶的是，移民本身的声音在学术和政策辩论中都没有出现。这项研究旨在为填补这两方面的空白做出贡献。研究问题融合政策中的性别规范和性别关系的政治框架如何影响比利时地区的非欧盟男性和女性移民？子问题1)在佛兰德斯、瓦隆尼亚和布鲁塞尔的融合政策和政策辩论中，性别规范和性别关系是如何概念化的？2)不同地区的男性和女性移民如何经历融合过程，包括性别规范和性别关系的表现，这对某些移民群体是有利还是不利？3)融合政策中的性别规范和性别关系的框架(问题化)如何反映在移民的“融合”概念及其(跨国和跨文化)身份的形成中？

This research project aims to understand the gendered and intersectional implications of migrant integration policies and practices. More specifically, the project aims to investigate how civic integration measures, such as migrant integration courses, impact on women in comparison to men. It will look at the experiences of different non-EU migrants in three regions in Belgium: Brussels, Wallonia and Flanders. As Belgium is a federal country, there are separate migrant integration policies in each region. Migrant integration courses are offered in Brussels by both the Flemish and francophone communities, which non-EU migrants are not currently obliged to follow, although this is set to change in 2017. This research will fill important gaps in the gender and migration literature in two main ways.Firstly it will contribute to a gendered and intersectional approach to the study of migrant integration policy and practices. Secondly, it will be ground-breaking by investigating migrants' perspectives on the integration process, a bottom-up approach that is currently lacking in the literature. It will make use of Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis, the 'What's the Problem Presented to be' (WPR) and an Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis (IBPA) Framework to analyse policy discourse on migrant integration, using intersectional feminist theory and a constructivist approach. The analysis will follow a deductive approach to test a hypothesis that Belgian integration policies mainly place the burden on migrant women, in comparison with men, to 'adapt' and 'change'. By carrying out in-depth semi-structured interviews and focus-groups with different migrants, it then will aim to take a theory-building approach to the gendered impact of the integration trajectories in the multi-regional context in Belgium. It is a critical point in time to conduct this project. In 2016 Wallonia introduced a compulsory integration course for non-EU migrants, which has already been the case in Flanders since 2004. Brussels is also set to introduce compulsory integration courses in the course of 2017. The gendered and intersectional impact of integration policies is currently an under-researched area in general, and has never been researched in the Belgian context. Surprisingly, the voices of migrants themselves are absent in both academic and policy debate. This study aims to contribute to filling both of these gaps. Research QuestionHow does the political framing of gender norms and relations in integration policies affect non-EU men and women migrants across Belgian regions?Sub questions1) How are gender norms and gender relations conceptualised in the integration policies and policy debates in Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels?2) How is the integration process, including the representation of gender norms and relations, experienced by men and women migrants across the different regions and does it privilege or disadvantage certain groups of migrants?3) How does the framing (problematising) of gender norms and gender relations in integration policies reflect in migrant conceptions of 'integration' and their formation of (transnational and transcultural) identities?