ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, OPTIMISM, AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY

描述：乐观，或积极的结果预期，已经与 有更好的心理和身体健康，包括免疫力的变化 系统。在中等程度的压力下，乐观者有更多的淋巴细胞 与细胞免疫和自然杀伤细胞细胞毒性有关。 这项拟议的研究旨在测试乐观情绪是否有益于 不同种类的应激源和使用及体内免疫功能的测量。 在一组一年级的法律系学生中，乐观情绪与 细胞免疫，通过五个时间点的皮肤测试来衡量： 基线(开学前)，中等严重压力源(期中)，a 更严重的压力源(期末考试)，恢复(第二秒开始 学期)和反馈(第一学期成绩退还)。不同的时间 分数可以测试乐观情绪在不同水平下的适应性 压力，以及在确认或停止乐观信念之后。 乐观-免疫关系的潜在调解人和调解人将 也被调查。首先，社交网络整合可能会提供缓冲； 在没有它的情况下，乐观可能更重要。第二，在多大程度上 乐观的影响是独立的，消极的情感将是 测试过。第三，陈述肯定和否定的评价过程和认知评价 可能是乐观情绪影响免疫系统的心理社会中介。这个 皮质醇的释放量和节律是一个潜在的生理调节因子。 结果将有可能澄清在什么情况下 乐观是有益的，区分乐观的效果和消极的效果 情感，并研究情绪、认知过程和皮质醇在 应激源相关的免疫变化。鉴于为增加乐观情绪而进行的干预 都在开发中，了解什么时候 以及为什么乐观会带来更好的心理健康，更少的痛苦，以及 在压力下有更好的免疫功能。

DESCRIPTION: Optimism, or positive outcome expectancies, has been associated with better psychological and physical health, including changes in the immune system. Under moderately severe stress, optimists have more lymphocytes associated with cell-mediated immunity and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. The proposed research is intended to test whether optimism is beneficial during different sorts of stressors and using and in vivo measure of immune function. In a group of first year law students, optimism will be related to cell-mediated immunity, as measured by skin test over five time points: baseline (before school starts), a moderately severe stressor (mid-semester), a more sever stressor (final examinations), recovery (beginning of second semester) and feedback (return of first semester grades). The various time points allow for a test of the adaptiveness of optimism under different levels of stress and after confirmation or discontinuation of optimistic beliefs. Potential moderators and mediators of an optimism-immunity relationship will also be investigated. First, social network integration may provide a buffer; in its absence, optimism may be more important. Second, the degree to which optimism effects are independent of those of negative affectivity will be tested. Third, state positive and negative and cognitive appraisal processes may be psychosocial mediators by which optimism affects the immune system. The amount and rhythm of cortisol release is a potential physiological mediator. The results will have the potential to clarify the circumstances under which optimism is beneficial, differentiate optimisms effects from those of negative affectivity, and examine the role of mood, cognitive processes, and cortisol in stressor-related immune change. Given that interventions to increase optimism are being developed, it is becoming increasingly important to understand when and why optimism leads to better psychological health, less distress, and better immune function during stressors.