The Impact of Spatial Clustering on the Labour Productivity of the UK Tourism and Hospitality Industry

本研究旨在探讨英国T&H企业的空间集聚对英国T&H产业劳动生产率的影响，特别是在空间单元内部（直接效应，考虑空间反馈效应）和空间单元之间（间接空间溢出效应）集聚经济对劳动生产率的影响。利用英国国家统计局未充分利用的微观层面数据集，利用空间面板模型研究了空间集群和集聚经济（劳动力市场汇集和知识溢出）对地方政府区（LADs）内部和之间的T&H劳动生产率的影响。基于2006-2016年期间英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士的373个lad，估算了固定效应空间Durbin面板模型。研究结果得出的结论是，技术与卫生企业集群程度的提高对技术与卫生企业的劳动生产率产生了负面影响，而且对相邻技术与卫生企业的劳动生产率也产生了负面影响。劳动力市场汇集变量显示出对熟练劳动力的积极影响，但就高技能工作的份额而言，对生产率的影响是消极的。知识外溢效应对劳动生产率的影响不显著，但在空间外溢效应方面，二者是互补的，说明人力资本外溢效应及其跨地域外溢效应的重要性。此外，区域集聚经济的长期效应显著大于区域内和区域间对T&H企业劳动生产率的短期效应，这表明需要从长期角度研究空间集群和集聚经济如何影响相邻区域内和区域间的T&H劳动生产率。利用地理加权回归模型，在每个地区内确定了空间集群和集聚经济与T&H劳动生产率之间关系的显著空间差异，以及相邻地区的溢出效应。

This research aims to investigate the impact of spatial clustering of T&H firms on the labour productivity of the UK T&H industry, specifically on the implications of agglomeration economies for labour productivity both within (direct effects, accounting for spatial feedback effects) and between (indirect spatial spillover effects) spatial units. Employing under-exploited micro-level datasets from the UK Office for National Statistics, the impact of spatial clustering and agglomeration economies (labour market pooling and knowledge spillovers) on T&H labour productivity within and between local authority districts (LADs) was examined using spatial panel modelling. Based on 373 LADs across England, Scotland and Wales and for the period 2006-2016, the fixed-effect spatial Durbin panel model was estimated. Findings concluded that the increase in the degree of clustering of T&H firms has had negative effects on labour productivity of T&H firms within the LADs but also across, and from, neighbouring LADs and back. Labour market pooling variables have shown positive effects regarding the pool of skilled labour but the effects on productivity were negative in terms of the share in high-skilled jobs. Knowledge spillover effects on labour productivity of T&H firms within a LAD were insignificant, but when considering its spatial spillover effects, they were complementary, suggesting the importance of human capital externalities and their spillover effects across geographical boundaries. Moreover, the long-run effects of agglomeration economies were significantly greater than the short-run effects on the labour productivity of T&H firms within and between LADs, suggesting the need to take a long-run perspective on how spatial clustering and agglomeration economies affect T&H labour productivity within and between neighbouring regions. Using geographically weighted regression modelling, significant spatial variations in the relationship between spatial clustering and agglomeration economies and T&H labour productivity were identified within each LAD but also spillover effects across the neighbouring districts.