Non-contact ACL injury in sport--mechanisms & prevention

描述：（申请中的逐字术语）前交叉韧带断裂 伤害通常发生在快速减速或改变方向的过程中， 不与其他玩家接触。着陆、停止和回避是 这类运动的典型例子。手术修复是昂贵的，需要 广泛的康复。长期预后是高风险的 骨关节炎，这可能最终导致全膝关节置换术。妇女 在运动中ACL损伤的风险比男性高2到7倍。许多因素 在损伤机制中发挥作用：解剖结构、组织强度、激素 效果，设备（鞋类）设计和运动协调。后两 这些因素是可以干预的，并提供了潜在的预防战略。 然而，他们对ACL损伤的影响的具体定量知识并不 可用的和对照的损伤机制的实验研究是 必需的.由于伦理原因，这些研究不能在人类受试者中进行。 原因动物模型是不合适的，因为它们不能模拟 运动的机制。另一方面， 肌肉骨骼系统是众所周知的， 可行因此，本项目的目标是（1）开发有效的 前交叉韧带在停止、落地和切割过程中损伤的计算模型 运动，（2）使用这些模型来确定变化的影响， 在这些运动过程中，运动控制对ACL损伤率的影响，以及（3） 预测鞋摩擦力的特定修改的保护效果， ACL损伤率以及对性能的相关影响。 我们希望发现，运动协调的不准确性，如在 人类受试者，可导致ACL断裂，这解释了较大的 女性的风险。此外，我们希望发现这些损伤可以 通过协调性训练或减少鞋底有效预防 女性的摩擦系数第二个假设是， 可以在不损害性能的情况下实现修改。 这项研究的结果可以转化为建议和具体的 协调训练的目标，使使用生物反馈成为可能， 为女运动员制定针对不同性别的鞋类安全标准。 对公众健康的长期影响是减少膝关节韧带损伤 体育运动，特别是女性，以及由于 骨关节炎在相对年轻的人群中。

DESCRIPTION: (Verbatim from application) Rupture of the anterior cruciate injury typically occurs during a rapid deceleration or change of direction, without contact with other players. Landing, stopping, and sidestepping are typical examples of such movements. Surgical repair is costly and requires extensive rehabilitation. The long-term prognosis is a high risk of osteoarthritis, which may eventually lead to total knee replacement. Women have a two to seven times larger risk for ACL injury in sport than men. Many factors play a role in the injury mechanism: anatomy, tissue strength, hormonal effects, equipment (footwear) design, and movement coordination. The latter two factors are amenable to intervention and offer potential prevention strategies. However, specific quantitative knowledge of their effects on ACL injury is not available and a controlled experimental study of the injury mechanisms is required. Such studies cannot be performed in human subjects, for ethical reasons. Animal models are unsuitable because these do not simulate the mechanics of the movement. On the other hand, the mechanical properties of the musculoskeletal system are sufficiently well known to make computer simulations feasible. Hence, the objectives of this project are (1) to develop valid computational models for ACL injury during stopping, landing, and cutting movements, (2) to use these models to determine the effects of variations in movement control on the rate of ACL injury during these movements, and (3) to predict the protective effect of specific modifications of shoe friction on rate of ACL injury and the associated effect on performance. We expect to find that inaccuracies in movement coordination, as observed in human subjects, can lead to ACL rupture and that that this explains the larger risk for females. Further more, we expect to find that these injuries can be effectively prevented by coordination training or reduction of shoe-ground friction coefficients for females. A secondary hypothesis is that the desired modifications can be achieved without impairing performance. Results of this research can be translated into recommendations and specific goals for coordination training, making it possible to use biofeedback, and development of gender-specific footwear safety standards for female athletes. The long-term impact on public health is a reduction in knee ligament injuries in sport, especially in females, and the ensuing long-term disabilities due to osteoarthritis in a relatively young population.