HEAT SHOCK TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FUNCTION AND REGULATION

由于正常的细胞生长和分裂、感染、暴露于药物制剂、环境损害或在癌变状态下不受调节的细胞生长，所有生物体都不断地暴露于应激条件下。热休克因子（HSF）是一类高度保守的转录因子，它们感知和响应各种细胞应激，调节基因的表达，这些基因对应激期间的生存和正常细胞稳态控制的建立至关重要。HSF调节编码蛋白伴侣蛋白的基因表达，蛋白伴侣蛋白在蛋白质折叠、成熟、靶向和关键细胞生长控制蛋白的激活中起关键作用，编码原癌蛋白、疼痛受体、细胞因子和免疫监视分子的基因表达。在本应用程序中，我们描述了以酵母和人类细胞为模型系统的实验，其总体目标是了解HSF蛋白如何感知不同的压力以激活基因表达。首先，酵母细胞通过葡萄糖感知生长控制信号，并将此信息传递给HSF功能的机制，将通过遗传、生化和分子生物学的方法进行探索。其次，利用酵母细胞和人类细胞，以及体外技术，将研究细胞保留人类HSF蛋白的失活形式，并对应激信号作出反应以激活HSF分子的机制。第三，将在酵母和人类细胞中研究不同的人类HSF亚型激活不同靶基因的分子机制，以及这些基因的鉴定。本提案中描述的实验将深入了解这类高度保守的应激反应转录因子如何感知和响应正常生长和疾病状态下发生的应激，以维持细胞调节。

All organisms are constantly exposed to stressful conditions as a consequence of normal cell growth and division, infection, exposure to pharmacological agents, environmental insults or unregulated cell growth in the cancerous state. Heat Shock Factors (HSF) are a class of highly conserved transcription factors which sense and respond to a wide variety of cellular stresses to regulate the expression of genes that are vital to survival during stress and for the establishment of normal cellular homeostatic controls. HSF regulates the expression of genes encoding protein chaperones, which play pivotal roles in protein folding, maturation, targeting and the activation of key cellular growth control proteins, as well as genes encoding proto-oncoproteins, pain receptors, cytokines and immune surveillance molecules. In this application we describe experiments with the overall objective of understanding how HSF proteins sense distinct stresses to activate gene expression, using both yeast and human cells as model systems. First, the mechanisms by which yeast cells sense growth control signals through glucose, and transmit this information to activate HSF function, will be explored through genetic, biochemical and molecular biology approaches. Secondly, using both yeast cells and human cells, as well as in vitro techniques, the mechanisms whereby cells retain human HSF proteins in an inactive form, and respond to stress signals to activate HSF molecules, will be investigated. Third, the molecular mechanisms by which distinct human HSF isoforms activate distinct target genes, and the identification of these genes, will be investigated in both yeast and human cells. The experiments described in this proposal will provide insight into how this highly conserved class of stress- responsive transcription factors sense and respond to stresses that occur during normal growth, and disease states, to maintain cellular regulation.