Measuring the progress towards transforming the global energy system (using / building from the Pacala and Socolow wedges approach

本论文建议通过能源系统分析和科学交流的结合来评估排放和路径的负面趋势的进展以及规模扩大的实际问题。首先，它将量化全球能源系统在脱碳电力、运输、供热和工业方面的“转变程度”。它不仅会考虑直接的碳减排，正如大多数报告所述（即可再生能源发电的TWh;运输每英里的碳排放量）;而且还会考虑转型的“推动因素”，例如电力系统的灵活性程度，电动汽车充电点的密度，低碳和传统供暖之间的成本差距。第二，它将创建一种将迄今取得的进展转化为“楔形”单位的有效方法，以便能够以简单而有意义的方式向能源专家以外的受众介绍国家和全球进展。第三，它将应用该方法来选择未来脱碳的著名情景;探索所需的楔子的数量和组合，以帮助探索全球经济脱碳观点的共识或异议程度，以及不可行的地方。

This thesis proposes to evaluate the progression of negative trends in emissions and pathways and practical questions of scale-up through a combination of energy systems analysis and science communication. Firstly, it will quantify 'how transformed' the global energy system is, in terms of decarbonised power, transport, heat and industry. It will consider not just the direct carbon mitigation, as in most reports (i.e. TWh of generation from renewables; carbon emissions per passenger-km for transport); but also the 'enablers' of transformation, such asthe degree of power systems flexibility, density of electric vehicle charging points, cost gap between low-carbon and conventional heating. Secondly, it will create a transparentmethodology for translating the progress to date into the unit of 'wedges', so that national and global progress can be presented in a simple yet meaningful way to audiences beyond energy experts. Thirdly, it will apply the methodology to a selection of renowned scenarios for future decarbonisation; exploring the number and mix of wedges needed to help explore the level of consensus or dissent in views to decarbonise the global economy, and pinch-points where things are infeasible.