The evolution of plant-associated lifestyles in the Ascomycota and their effectors

子囊菌门是真菌王国中最大的门，表现出广泛多样的生活方式，其中一些涉及与植物有益或有害的联系。基因组学方法可以洞察这些生活方式的遗传决定因素。了解真菌内生真菌--无症状地生活在植物组织中的物种--和真菌植物病原菌之间的进化转变在与植物健康相关的经济和生态问题上具有重要意义。为了描述内生和植物致病策略的进化起源，需要对子囊菌门的基因组系统进行全面的分类取样。通过重建系统发育的祖先节点上的生活方式和寄主偏好，将揭示与植物相关的物种之间进化过渡的模式。这个框架还将使我们能够检验关于效应基因家族如何在独立的植物相关谱系中进化的假说。效应物是已知在致病过程中发挥作用的真菌分泌蛋白，在植物-真菌病原相互作用的背景下已被广泛研究。效应基因在真菌内生菌环境中的作用可以阐明植物病原菌和内生菌之间功能等价性的水平。

The Ascomycota form the largest phylum in the fungal kingdom and show a wide diversity oflifestyles, some involving beneficial or harmful associations with plants. Genomic methods canprovide insight into the genetic determinants of these lifestyles. Understanding evolutionarytransitions between fungal endophytes - species which live asymptomatically in plant tissues- and fungal plant pathogens is of major significance in economic and ecological issuesrelating to plant health.To describe the evolutionary origins of the endophytic and plant pathogenic strategies, arobust genomic phylogeny of the Ascomycota is needed with comprehensive taxon sampling.By reconstructing lifestyles and host preferences across ancestral nodes of the phylogeny,the patterns of evolutionary transitions between plant-associated species will be revealed.This framework will also enable us to test hypotheses about how effector gene families haveevolved in independent plant-associated lineages. Effectors, fungal secreted proteins knownto play a role in pathogenesis, have been extensively studied in the context of plant-fungalpathogenic interactions. The role of effector genes in the context of fungal endophytes couldshed light on the level of functional equivalence between plant pathogens and endophytes.