Aotearoa New Zealand's Tsunami Warning System: Considerations for Enhancing Hazard Communication and Response

新西兰奥特亚罗瓦的海啸预警系统与其他风险国家的不同之处在于危险监测、预警传播和疏散协调的独立结构。这一预警系统内的分工责任提供了一个独特的机会，以调查如何决定和传达预警，以及如何调整教育计划，以提高认识和准备。本研究旨在了解海啸预警系统的流程和动态，以提高这些systems.Social研究方法收集了111份文件和档案，进行了57个半结构化的访谈，并进行了13个公开的参与者观察。这些访谈是与新西兰奥特亚罗瓦、澳大利亚、太平洋岛屿、英国和美国的海啸研究人员、预警专家、应急管理人员和备灾专家进行的。与会者的意见进行了机构会议，研讨会，并在整个奥特亚罗瓦新西兰的活动。三个关键的结果建立了从定性数据分析。首先，参与监测、发布和应对官方海啸警报的国家、区域和地方机构之间的责任分工可能导致发布信息的错误和延误。第二，利用公民科学方案，将当地知识纳入教育运动和应急演习，可使公众更有可能在观察到海啸自然预警信号后自行撤离。第三，通过多渠道的方法，使用技术和非技术方法进行海啸预警通信，可以提高预警系统的有效性，强调这些系统不应该仅仅依赖技术方法。这些研究结果表明，新西兰奥特亚罗瓦将受益于创建一个联合海啸预警系统结构，以加强决策和机构之间的沟通，进一步利用公民科学方案，加强地方海啸复原能力，并利用技术和非技术通信方法，克服对技术的日益依赖。

Aotearoa New Zealand's tsunami warning system differs to those of other at-risk countries' due to the separated structure of hazard monitoring, warning dissemination, and evacuation coordination. The divided responsibilities within this warning system provide a unique opportunity to investigate how warnings are decided upon, communicated, and how education schemes can be tailored to improve awareness and preparedness. This research aims to develop the understanding of tsunami warning system processes and dynamics to increase the effectiveness of these systems.Social research methods were used to collect 111 documents and archives, conduct 57 semi-structured interviews, and carry out 13 overt participant observations. The interviews were conducted with tsunami researchers, warning specialists, emergency managers, and preparedness experts in Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, the Pacific Islands, the UK, and the USA. The participant observations were carried out during institutional meetings, workshops, and activities across Aotearoa New Zealand.Three key findings were established from the qualitative data analysis. First, the division of responsibilities between the national, regional, and local agencies involved in monitoring, disseminating, and responding to official tsunami warnings can lead to errors and delays in issuing this information. Second, the integration of local knowledge into education campaigns and emergency drills, using citizen science programmes, can make the public more likely to self-evacuate after observing natural tsunami warning signs. Third, the use of both technological and non-technological methods for tsunami warning communication through a multi-channel approach can improve the effectiveness of warning systems, emphasising that these systems should not rely solely on technological methods.These findings indicate that Aotearoa New Zealand would benefit from creating a joint tsunami warning system structure to enhance decision-making and communication between agencies, further utilising citizen science programmes to strengthen local tsunami resilience levels, and using both technological and non-technological communication methods to overcome the increasing reliance on technology.