Retrofitting space heating systems for historic churches: meeting the needs of conservation, community and environmental sustainability

传统建筑，特别是那些传统上被视为与特定用途相关的建筑，如历史悠久的教堂（>150岁），近年来在满足日益苛刻的“生活质量”标准方面面临着重大挑战，同时它们被用于扩大和举办社区内的社交活动。英国国教拥有15,000多座教堂。其中，78%被列入名录（英格兰一级名录建筑的45%），其中一半以上积极举办某种形式的社区活动。历史教堂现代活动的环境热要求往往与这些建筑的原始性质，其历史内涵，建筑材料相冲突，并在满足用户舒适度的同时呈现并符合可持续社会的概念。当这些建筑物面临翻新其建筑服务时，对解决方案的需求变得更加关键，通常是由于需要保护建筑物或实现所需的舒适条件以继续维持其占用。这项研究提案旨在通过产生新的知识来应对这一挑战，以便能够评估和实施历史教堂的空间供暖技术，从而提高建筑的环境和社会可持续性，同时考虑到相关的限制因素，如结构和文物的保护以及预期的社群活动。这个博士项目将致力于解决以下研究问题：1。对于一座历史悠久的教堂来说，保护其结构、文物和饰面以及为使用者提供热舒适度的理想的热和湿热标准是什么？我们如何界定这些标准？2.什么是现有的和新兴的空间加热技术，以及如何将它们应用于满足历史教堂的热和湿热标准？3.在实施理想的热改造时有哪些限制？4.我们如何在已确定的限制条件下评估和优化设计方案？这项研究将与奇切斯特教区密切合作，并建立在现有的知识基础和专业知识的基础上。在英格兰东南部的历史教堂，其特色的建筑特点，合适的设置将被确定和分类。该研究将通过文献研究，获得教会资源，与专家接触，并审查现有的案例研究，确定和建立理想的季节性和功能性热和湿热标准。将与该领域的学者、专业人员和专家协商，对空间供暖技术的现状和进展进行严格审查。将通过使用计算机建模和模拟，并在可能的情况下，通过从案例研究中收集的数据进行验证，对历史教堂及其已确定特征背景下的单个或组合系统配置的性能进行评估。将通过实地考察、访谈、实地测量、现有文献和访问教区知识库来确定可能阻止实施理想的热力改造的关键制约因素。预计将制定一项优化战略和评估程序，以便对不同解决方案的整体可持续性进行评估。这一反复的决策过程将通过至少两个案例研究进行测试-一个在农村社区，一个在城市社区。

Heritage buildings, particularly those traditionally seen as connected to a specific use - such as historic churches (>150 years old) - are facing significant challenges in recent years in meeting increasingly demanding "quality of life" standards whilst they are used in broadening and hosting social engagements within the community. To put this in context, the Church of England owns over 15,000 churches. Of these, 78% are listed (45% of the Grade I listed buildings in England), of which over half actively host some form of community activity. The environmental thermal requirements of modern activities in historic churches are often in conflict with the original nature of these buildings, their historic connotation, the building materials, and in meeting user comfort while at the same time presenting and aligning to the concepts of a sustainable society. The demand for solutions becomes even more critical when such buildings are faced with renovating their building services, usually due to a need to either preserve the building or achieve required comfort conditions to continue to sustain its occupation. This research proposal aims to address this challenge by generating new knowledge to enable the evaluation and implementation of space heating technologies in historic churches, thereby increasing the environmental and social sustainability of the building while taking into consideration relevant constraints such as the preservation of the structure and artefacts as well the anticipated community activities. This doctoral project will aim to address the following research questions:1. What are the desirable thermal and hygrothermal criteria for a historic church to protect its structure, artefacts and finishes, as well as providing thermal comfort to the users? How can we define these criteria?2. What are the existing and emerging technologies in space heating, and how can they be applied to meet the thermal and hygrothermal criteria in historic churches? 3. What are the constraints in implementing the desirable thermal retrofit? 4. How can we evaluate and optimise design options within the identified constraints?The research will be developed in close collaboration with the Diocese of Chichester and build on the knowledge base and expertise already exists. Suitable sets of historic churches in south-east England, with their characteristic building features, will be identified and categorised. The research will commence by identifying and establishing desirable seasonal and functional thermal and hygrothermal criteria through literature research, access to the Church resources, contact with experts, and a review of existing case studies. Current and advances in space heating technologies will be critically reviewed in consultation with academics, professionals and experts in the field. Performance of individual or combinations of system configurations in the context of historic churches and their identified features will be evaluated through the use of computer modelling and simulation and, where possible, validation through data gathered from case studies. The key constraints that can prevent the implementation of desirable thermal retrofit will be identified through site visits, interviews, field measurements, existing literature and access to the knowledge base of the Diocese. It is envisaged an optimisation strategy and assessment procedure will be developed enabling the evaluation of the overall sustainability of different solutions. This iterative decision-making process will be tested with at least two case studies - one in the rural community and one in the urban community.