'Grade for Sex?' How Does Staff-Student Sexual Violence in UK Higher Education Institutions Threaten the Security of Women Students?

虽然对高等教育中学生之间的性暴力进行了广泛的分析，但对教职员与学生之间的性暴力却很少进行调查。《卫报》（2017年）强调，在过去4年里，英国大学报告了169起师生性侵案件。实际数字可能要高得多。在绝大多数案件中，被指控的肇事者是男性学术人员，受害者是女学生（Westmarland, 2017）。许多人认为，主流安全话语将性别和性别暴力问题边缘化；这可以作为公私部门划分的延伸，将性别暴力归类为“私人”，将其从国际安全的公共领域转移到国内政治的私人领域。同样，在国家政治中，性别暴力被构建为一个与国家安全话语无关的私人问题（Tickner, 1997,2005; Blanchard, 2003）。与此相关的是，大学结构将师生间的性暴力视为一个私人问题，回避了他们为学生提供安全保障的责任。在国际、国家和机构一级，采取了分析性行动，将性别问题从议程中删除。性别暴力的做法从审讯中移除，既使性别暴力在主流安全话语中隐形，又使其正常化。英国1752小组成立了一个反对大学性行为不端的特别工作组，与新加坡国立大学合作，将这一“私人”问题推向政治议程。我的研究探讨了那些将性别暴力问题构建为私人问题的机构与将性别不安全的日常经历政治化的女权主义活动家之间的关系。研究贡献安全研究这将是第一次尝试将英国大学的师生性暴力作为对女性安全的日常威胁进行探索，为日常与安全的相关性提供激进的修订。关键的安全研究尚未扩大到讯问性别暴力，这落在安全的既定主题之外。因此，我的研究将超越当前的安全主题模式，将英国高等教育机构的性暴力定位为对女性安全的威胁。女权主义活动这项研究将展示女权主义活动团体如何应对英国大学中的性别暴力，包括他们如何应对大学政策和调查程序。这将使研究不再仅仅把女性作为教职员-学生虐待的受害者，而是把女性作为争取自身安全的行动者（McLeod, 2010）。高等教育机构英国的大学最近做出了努力来解决大学里的性别不平等和暴力问题。然而，教职员与学生之间性暴力的普遍存在表明，大学在消除性别不平等方面尚未取得成功。这项研究将对大学未能履行其纠正性别不平等和为学生提供安全保障的机构责任的方式提供重要见解。这项研究还将为替代大学政策提供建议，因此将同时提供一个变革的框架。研究设计与方法对英国10所高等教育机构的大学政策进行话语分析，包括师生关系政策，以及投诉和调查程序。这将得到NUS和1752小组关于受害者经历的研究和数据的证实，这些受害者经历了这些政策。为了探索女权主义活动团体实践抵抗的方式，我将与女权主义活动团体进行民族志研究。

OverviewWhile there exists extensive analysis of student-student sexual violence across Higher Education (HE), there has been little investigation into staff-student abuse. The Guardian (2017) highlights that in the last 4 years 169 cases of staff-student sexual abuse have been reported at UK universities. The actual figure is likely significantly higher. In the vast majority of cases, the alleged perpetrators have been male academic staff, the victims female students (Westmarland, 2017).Many argue that mainstream security discourse marginalises questions of gender and gendered violence; this can be explored as an extension of public-private divisions that categorise gendered violence as 'private', shifting it out of the public sphere of international security, into the private sphere of domestic politics. Similarly, within national politics, gendered violence is constructed as a private issue that is irrelevant to discourses of national security (Tickner, 1997, 2005; Blanchard, 2003).Relatedly, university structures construct staff-student sexual violence as a private issue, eschewing their responsibility to provide security for students from gendered violence. At the international, national and institutional level, analytical moves are employed to remove questions of gender from the agenda. The practices of gendered violence are removed from interrogation, both rendering gendered violence invisible within mainstream discourses on security, and normalising it.The UK 1752 group has been set up as a task-force against sexual misconduct at universities, working alongside the NUS to push this 'private' issue into political agenda. My research explores the relationship between those institutions that construct issues of gendered violence as private, and feminist activists who politicise their everyday experiences of gendered insecurity.Research ContributionSecurity StudiesThis will be the first attempt at exploring staff-student sexual violence at UK universities as an everyday threat to women's security, providing a radical revisioning of the relevance of the everyday to security. Critical security scholarship has not yet broadened to interrogate gendered violence that falls outside of established themes in security. My research will therefore move beyond the current thematic schema of security, locating sexual violence at UK HE Institutions as a threat to the security of women in and of itself.Feminist ActivismThe research will show how feminist activist groups respond to gendered violence at UK universities, including how they navigate university policy and investigatory procedures. This will allow the research to move beyond an account of women as only victims of staff-student abuse, but women as actors in the struggle for their own security (McLeod, 2010).Higher Education InstitutionsUniversities in the UK have made recent efforts to tackle gender inequality and violence at universities. However, the prevalence of staff-student sexual violence shows universities have not yet succeeded in combating gendered inequalities. This research will provide critical insight into ways that universities fail to meet their institutional responsibilities to redress gendered inequalities and provide security to their students. The research will also provide recommendations for alternative university policy, and therefore will simultaneously offer a framework for change.Research Design and MethodologyA discourse analysis of university policy at 10 UK HE institutions, including staff-student relationship policies, as well as complaints and investigatory procedures. This will be corroborated with research and data from the NUS and 1752 group on the experience of victims who have navigated these policies. To explore the ways in which feminist activist groups practice resistance, I will conduct ethnographic research with feminist activist groups.