Biological Monitoring of Woodsmoke exposure

描述(由申请人提供)：人类暴露在高水平的木烟中与不良健康影响有关，包括哮喘、呼吸系统疾病和心血管疾病。仅在美国，每年就有超过10万人暴露在因野火、规定燃烧和农田焚烧而产生的高水平林烟中。参与野外灭火的7万至8万人也会在工作中接触大量的林烟。暴露评估方法不充分，导致暴露错误分类，阻碍了调查木材烟雾暴露与有害健康影响之间的关系，并且缺乏暴露-反应数据，难以制定社区影响驱动的受控火灾准则。 这项提议的主要目标是开发人类接触木烟的生物标记。初步工作表明，接触木烟后，尿液中许多取代甲氧基酚类化合物的水平会增加。我们的假设是，摄入或吸入木烟燃烧产物后尿甲氧基酚的剂量依赖性增加可能与环境木烟以定量方式相关，从而为评估职业和环境暴露人群的木烟暴露提供了生物标志物基础。 为了验证这一假设，我们计划让人类暴露在明火产生的木烟中。将使用时间整合的个人采样和区域监视器来表征曝光量。将测量以下参数：颗粒质量、颗粒相关的甲氧基酚和气相甲氧基酚。此外，时间分辨曝光将使用固定位置的数据记录浊度计和个人浊度计进行评估。用气相色谱/质谱仪测定接触木烟前后尿甲氧基酚的含量。此外，我们计划测量从职业暴露于木烟中的野火战士采集的尿样中甲氧基酚的水平。一个经过验证的木烟暴露生物标志物将有助于对调查木烟暴露对人类不利影响的研究进行暴露评估，并可用于评估减少家庭和职业环境中木烟暴露的干预措施的有效性。这项拟议的研究涉及与哮喘和COPD相关的NORA研究优先事项、暴露评估方法和控制技术/个人防护装备。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Exposure of humans to high levels of woodsmoke is associated with adverse health effects including asthma, respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease. In the US alone, more than 100,000 people annually are exposed to elevated woodsmoke levels from wildfires, prescribed burns and agricultural field burning. 70,000-80,000 people involved in wild land fire fighting also receive substantial occupational exposure to woodsmoke. Investigating the relationship between woodsmoke exposure and adverse health effects is hindered by inadequate methods of exposure assessment, which lead to exposure misclassification, and the setting of community-impact-driven guidelines for managed fires suffers from a lack of exposure-response data. The primary objective of this proposal is to develop biological markers of human exposure to woodsmoke. Preliminary work has shown that levels of a number of substituted methoxylated phenolic compounds are increased in urine following woodsmoke exposure. It is our hypothesis that the dose-dependent increase in urinary methoxyphenols observed following ingestion or inhalation of woodsmoke combustion products can be related in a quantitative manner to environmental woodsmoke, and thereby provide a biomarker basis for assessment of woodsmoke exposure in occupationally and environmentally exposed populations. To test this hypothesis, we plan to conduct human exposures to woodsmoke from an open fire. Exposures will be characterized using time-integrated personal sampling and area monitors. The following parameters will be measured: particle mass, particle-associated methoxyphenols and vapor-phase methoxyphenols. In addition, time resolved exposures will be assessed using data logging nephelometers at fixed locations and personal nephelometers. Urinary methoxyphenols will be determined before and after woodsmoke exposure, by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In addition, we plan to measure methoxyphenol levels in urine samples collected from wildfire fighters who have elevated occupational exposure to woodsmoke. A validated biomarker of woodsmoke exposure will facilitate exposure assessment for studies investigating adverse effects of woodsmoke exposure in humans, and could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce woodsmoke exposure in domestic and occupational settings. This proposed study addresses NORA research priorities related to asthma and COPD, exposure assessment methods and control technology/personal protective equipment.