'The causes and motivations of hate crime: implications for Criminal Justice Social Work and beyond'.

在英国和国际上，学术界、政策制定者和刑事司法机构越来越关注仇恨犯罪。值得注意的是，苏格兰仇恨犯罪立法目前正在进行全面审查（苏格兰政府2017年）。值得注意的是，很少有关于仇恨犯罪动机的研究（EHRC 2016），尽管这些描述是我们理解仇恨犯罪发生的方式和原因的核心。此外，似乎没有人质疑1993年首次提出的仇恨犯罪罪犯的开创性“类型学”（McDevitt和Levin 2002）。苏格兰似乎没有对仇恨犯罪责任人的主要研究，也没有对刑事司法社会工作（CJSW）在与仇恨犯罪定罪者合作中的作用进行深入研究（Hamad 2017）。因此，我的研究将通过罪犯账户探索仇恨犯罪的原因和动机，以及对CJSW政策和实践的影响。因此，我的研究问题是：1)造成仇恨犯罪的微观因素是什么？如。寻求刺激，专制人格，羞耻和失落。2)中观因素是什么？例如，对威胁的感知，为“内部群体”辩护，以及产生与偏见有关的犯罪背景的社区“概况”。3)宏观因素是什么？例如，政治气候、媒体和互联网、“有毒的男子气概”以及社会经济劣势。从这些，我将检查对CJSW政策和实践在苏格兰的影响，并提请注意对关键利益相关者的更广泛的影响。目前，我是一名刑事司法社会工作者，我有独特的机会接触那些被判犯有仇恨罪的人，并收集他们的第一手观点。我将对一系列学科的文献进行广泛的回顾，包括社会学、犯罪学、心理学、社会工作研究以及政策文件。我将主要借鉴苏格兰/英国文学，但必要时将扩大重点。我打算采访30名被判犯有仇恨罪的罪犯，探讨他们对犯罪的看法，探讨微观、中观和宏观层面的主题（如果这些很明显的话）。由于采用独特的方法直接获取罪犯的意见，因此将有空间产生新的数据。我将通过采访十位CJSW从业者来补充这一点，以了解他们如何概念化仇恨犯罪及其对他们实践的影响。其目的是确定在观点和对政策和实践的影响方面的任何相似之处以及关键差异。鉴于我的独特访问，使用一种创新的方法来分析CJSW关于仇恨犯罪的报告可能是有益的——如何捕捉犯罪者的看法和动机，并将其呈现在司法环境中？我打算使用NVivo等软件包进行专题分析（识别、分析和报告模式）。我的研究问题中的现有主题将被确定，使用半结构化访谈允许出现新的或替代主题。主题分析还将关注罪犯本人和专业人员的主题是否存在差异。我希望在我的雇主和爱丁堡大学知识交流奖学金的帮助下，在仇恨犯罪方面开展现有的工作。我还将利用我已建立的网络与其他地方当局接触（考虑到时间尺度和地理限制）。研究的重点将是苏格兰范围内的仇恨犯罪，提供更广泛的分析，确定地区差异，并确保没有一个地方当局容易被识别出来。

There has been an increased focus on hate crime amongst academics, policy-makers, and criminal justice agencies across the UK and internationally. Significantly, Scottish hate crime legislation is currently undergoing a comprehensive review (Scottish Government 2017). Remarkably, there is little research on the motivations of those who commit hate crime (EHRC 2016), despite such accounts being central to our understanding of how and why hate crime occurs. Further, there appear to be no interrogations of the seminal 'typology' of hate crime offenders first proposed in 1993 (McDevitt and Levin 2002). No primary Scottish research into those responsible for hate crime appears to exist, nor an in-depth examination of the role of Criminal Justice Social Work (CJSW) in working with those convicted of hate offences (Hamad 2017). My research will thus explore the causes and motivations of hate crime through offender accounts, and the implications for CJSW policy and practice. My research questions therefore are: 1) What are the micro-level factors contributing to hate crime? e.g. 'thrill-seeking', the authoritarian personality, and shame and loss. 2) What are the meso-level factors? e.g. perceptions of threat, defending 'in-groups', and community 'profiles' producing contexts for prejudice-related offending. 3) What are the macro-level factors? e.g. political climates, the media and the internet, 'toxic masculinity', and socio-economic disadvantage. From these, I will examine the implications for CJSW policy and practice in Scotland, and draw attention to the wider implications for key stakeholders. Currently employed as a Criminal Justice Social Worker, I am uniquely placed to gain access to people convicted of hate offences and gather their perspectives first-hand. I will undertake an extensive review of the literature across a range of academic disciplines, including sociology, criminology, psychology, and social work research, as well as policy documents. I will draw primarily on Scottish/UK literature but will widen the focus as necessary. I intend to interview 30 offenders convicted of hate crimes to explore their perspectives on the offence, exploring the micro, meso, and macro-level themes (should these be evident). There will be scope for the generation of new data given the unique approach in directly obtaining offenders' views. I will supplement this by interviewing ten CJSW practitioners to discover how they conceptualise hate crime and its influence on their practice. This would aim to determine any similarities, as well as key differences, in perspectives and the implications for policy and practice. Given my unique access, it may then be beneficial to use an innovative approach by analysing the CJSW Reports produced on hate offences - how are perpetrator perceptions and motivations captured, and presented for use in judicial settings? I intend to undertake thematic analysis (identifying, analysing, and reporting patterns) using a software package such as NVivo. Existing themes in my research questions will be identified, with the use of semi-structured interviews allowing for new or alternative themes to arise. Thematic analysis will also focus on whether there are differences in the themes emerging from offenders themselves, and the professionals. I hope to build upon my existing work on hate crime as facilitated by my employer and the Knowledge Exchange Fellowship with the University of Edinburgh. I will also utilise my established networks to approach other local authorities (taking into account timescales and geographical limitations). The focus of the research would be Scotland-wide, to provide a broader analysis of hate crime and determine regional variations, and to ensure no single local authority is easily identifiable.