Deviant Leaders: Factors that Facilitate and Inhibit Transgression Credit.

三个系列的研究将使用从研究参与计划和MTURK中招募的每个条件40名参与者的实验设计，使用涵盖政治，管理和体育的主题。新的测量技术，如行为决策，情感，个性，态度和内隐测量将包括在内。这里描述了每个系列中的第一个研究。在每个系列中，额外的研究（b/c）将跟进具体的结果，以探索理论和解释。系列一：三种人格特征可能影响TC。认知闭合的高需求（NFCC）促进群体中心主义和对规范行为的偏好，但也促进对成员原型的关注2。因为领导者是高度原型化的，所以可以预测NFCC会促进TC。右翼权威主义（RWA）和社会支配取向（SDO）也可能影响集体决策，但对其在群体内部动力学中的作用关注较少。RWA导致对那些威胁到团队内部凝聚力的人进行更严厉的评估，这表明不正常的成员和领导者可能会受到同样严厉的评估。SDO与对地位等级的偏好有关，因此可能促进对领导的宽容，因为他们比典型的团队成员拥有更高的地位。研究1a将使用3（人格结构）× 2（越轨领导与成员）调节回归研究来评估NFCC、RWA和SDO对偏好评级的预测能力。系列2。NFCC也会受到情境因素的影响，例如诱导的身份不确定性。因此，除了具有直接影响外，NFCC也可能在身份不确定性和语言学习之间发挥中介作用。研究2a将用2（身份确定性受到威胁vs.未受到威胁）x 2（越轨领导vs.成员）设计来测试这一点，并将采用各种情境NFCC的测量方法。系列3。RWA和SDO也可能受到情景因素的影响，特别是受到组间上下文的影响。RWA和SDO被集团间竞争所增强，而NFCC应该起中介作用，RWA和SDO可能会调节竞争是否会增加TC。研究3a将使用2（高组间竞争vs低组间竞争）x 2（偏差领导vs成员）设计，并检验组间竞争仅在RWA或SDO高的参与者中导致TC的假设。

Three series of studies will use experimental designs with samples of 40 participants per condition recruited from the Research Participation Scheme and MTURK, using topics spanning politics, management, and sport. Novel measurement techniques such as behavioural decisions, emotion, personality, attitudinal and implicit measures will be included. The first study in each series is described here. In each series, additional studies (b/c) will follow up specific results to probe theory and explanation.Series 1: Three personality characteristics may affect TC. High need for cognitive closure (NFCC) promotes group centrism and preference for normative behaviour, but also attentiveness to member prototypicality2. Because leaders are highly prototypical3, it is predicted that NFCC promotes TC. Right wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are also likely to influence TC, but little attention has been paid to their effects in intragroup dynamics. RWA leads to harsher evaluations of people that threaten in-group cohesion4, suggesting deviant members and leaders may be evaluated similarly harshly. SDO is related to a preference for status hierarchies4 and thus may promote leniency for leaders, who hold more status than typical group members. Study 1a will use a 3 (personality construct) x 2 (transgressive leader vs. member) moderated regression study to assess the predictive power of NFCC, RWA, and SDO on favourability ratings.Series 2. NFCC can also be influenced by situational factors such as induced identity uncertainty3 5. As well as having a direct effect, NFCC may therefore also play a mediating role between identity uncertainty and TC. Study 2a will test this with a 2 (identity certainty threatened vs. not threatened) x 2 (deviant leader vs. member) design and will employ various measures of situational NFCC. Series 3. RWA and SDO may also be influenced by situational factors, particularly by the intergroup context. RWA and SDO are heightened by intergroup competition6 and, whereas NFCC should have a mediating role, RWA and SDO might moderate whether competition increases TC. Study 3a will use a 2 (high vs. low intergroup competition) x 2 (deviant leader vs. member) design and test the hypothesis that intergroup competition only results in TC among participants who are high in RWA or SDO.