PEDIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY RESEARCH UNIT

拟议的流行病学家庭研究将系统地审查由于基因和家庭/文化环境因素(例如家庭责任)的综合传播而对尼古丁依赖的脆弱性。在拟议的研究中涉及四个领域：1)与不同的尼古丁依赖表型或特征相关的尼古丁依赖的家庭责任(例如也符合DSM-IV标准)；2)在尼古丁依赖的病因中分担家庭责任依赖的程度和非家族性环境因素；4)家庭责任、非家庭因素和可能部分受基因控制的个人因素(如尼古丁新陈代谢)，这些因素有助于估计非裔美国人和高加索人之间尼古丁依赖的差异，这既是为了突出在癌症死亡高风险群体(非裔美国人)中促成尼古丁依赖的因素，也是为了通过比较吸烟情况有很大差异的种族群体来确定保护性因素。这项流行病学病例对照家庭研究旨在调查尼古丁依赖在25至44岁的成年人及其家人中的家族性传播。这个范围将被使用，因为每天吸烟的风险期在25岁之前基本结束，而这个年龄段的成年人仍然有可能有在世的父母。根据Fagerstrom尼古丁依赖测试(FTND)，尼古丁依赖阈值分数为4或更高的病例将成为尼古丁依赖患者。对照组将暴露在吸烟环境中(至少吸烟100支)，但从不依赖尼古丁(FTND=0)。对于兄弟姐妹和父母双方的案件，将寻求。对于控制，将寻找一个兄弟姐妹。将与病例和对照家庭成员进行直接面谈。收集的信息将包括他们的吸烟、精神障碍和其他药物使用情况，以及人口统计和病史信息。所有接受采访的家庭成员都将提供吸烟、药物使用和精神障碍的家族史。此外，病例和对照组将被问及他们的子女吸烟、饮酒和行为问题。这项研究为尼古丁依赖遗传学合作研究中的遗传和新陈代谢研究提供了一个基于群体的背景。确定、面谈和数据管理将跨研究整合。此外，作为项目1、2和3的科学整合所带来的独特机会的一部分，我们将在开发尼古丁依赖的风险因素模型时纳入广泛因素的遗传、代谢和流行病学测量。

The propose epidemiologic family study will systematically examine the vulnerability to nicotine dependence due to the combined transmission of genes and family/cultural environmental factors (e.g., familial liability). Four areas are addressed in the proposed study: 1) the familial liability for nicotine dependence associated with different phenotypes or characteristics of nicotine dependence (e.g. also meeting DSM-IV criteria); 2) the degree of shared familial liability dependence and non- familial environmental factors in the etiology of nicotine dependence; 4) familial liability, non-familial factors, and individual factors that may be partially under genetic control (such as nicotine metabolism) that contribute to estimated differences in nicotine dependence between African Americans and Caucasians, both to spotlight factors that contribute to nicotine dependence in a group at high risk of cancer mortality (African Americans) and to identify protective factors by comparing racial groups with substantially different cigarette smoking profiles. This epidemiologic case-control family study is designed to examine the familial transmission of nicotine dependence among adults 25 to 44 years of age and their families. This range will be used because the period of risk for daily smoking is largely concluded by age 25 and adults between these ages are still likely to have living parents. Cases will be nicotine dependent by a threshold score of 4 or more on the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Controls will be smoking exposed (having smoked at least 100 cigarettes) but never nicotine dependent (FTND=0). For cases on sibling and both parents will be sought. For controls one sibling will be sought. Direct interviews will be conducted with the case and control family members. The information gathered will include their cigarette smoking, psychiatric disorders, and other substance use, as well as demographic and medical history information. All of the interviewed family members will provide family history of cigarette smoking, substance use and psychiatric disorders. Additionally, cases and controls will be asked about the cigarette smoking, alcohol use and behavior problems of their offspring. This study provides a population-based context for genetic and metabolism studies in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Nicotine Dependence. Ascertainment, interviewing, and data management will be integrated across studies. Additionally, as part of the unique opportunity presented by the scientific integration of Projects 1, 2, and 3 we will incorporate genetic, metabolic and epidemiologic measures of a broad array for factors in the development of risk factor models for nicotine dependence.