Designing Energy Retrofits for Heritage Buildings: Intergrating Social, Cultural and Technical Concerns into the Design Process

传统和遗产建筑具有重要的文化作用，有助于塑造我们城市和农村地区的特色，英国建筑被认为包括一些世界上最优秀的建筑遗产（德勤，2017）。可持续传统建筑联盟（STBA）将传统建筑定义为1919年之前建造的可渗透的实心墙建筑（STBA，2012）。“遗产建筑”一词包括传统和列入名录的建筑以及其他被认为具有“遗产价值”的建筑（Pickles & McCaig，2017）。这些建筑约占英国住宅建筑的20%（STBA，2012），提供了遗产旅游的经济效益，该行业为英国GDP贡献了超过200亿英镑，并被认为是英国每100个工作岗位中的一个（牛津经济学，2016）。遗产建筑也可以在再生项目中发挥核心作用，为历史设计和工艺提供视觉链接，并为社区提供无形的“地方感”和文化所有权（德勤，2017）。减少能源使用和温室气体排放（以下简称碳）对于减缓气候变化至关重要。全球每年约有36%的能源消耗和39%的碳排放来自建筑行业（GABC，2017）。在英国，约30%的碳排放来自建筑和建筑行业（UKGBC，2017）。在提高新建筑物的能源效率方面取得了一些进展，但对现有建筑物的改进证明更具挑战性。这是相关的，因为据估计，大约70%的今天的英国建筑将仍然存在，到2050年;其中75%是建于1975年之前，其中包括大多数遗产建筑（Pickles & McCaig，2017，第8页）。遗产建筑为能源/碳减排带来了特殊的挑战，因为任何变化都必须对遗产价值敏感（Menzies 2011）。此外，传统建筑的施工方法需要采用与现代建筑截然不同的改造方法（STBA，2012年）。因此，改造项目的设计过程必须平衡一系列高度复杂且往往相互冲突的要求（Mok & Hyysalo，2018）。

Traditional and heritage buildings have important cultural roles and help shape the character of our urban and rural areas, with British buildings considered to include some of the World's finest architectural heritage (Deloitte, 2017). The Sustainable Traditional Buildings Alliance (STBA) define traditional buildings as those of permeable, solid wall construction built before 1919 (STBA, 2012). The term 'heritage building' includes traditional and listed buildings as well as others deemed of 'heritage value' (Pickles & McCaig, 2017). These buildings, which make up roughly 20% of UK residential buildings (STBA, 2012), provide economic benefits from heritage tourism, a sector contributing over £20billion to UK GDP and deemed responsible for every 1 in 100 UK jobs (Oxford Economics, 2016). Heritage buildings can also play a focal role in regeneration projects, provide a visual link to historic designs and crafts and provide communities with an intangible 'sense of place' and cultural ownership (Deloitte, 2017). Reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (hereafter referred to as carbon) is vital for mitigating climate change. Approximately 36% of global annual energy consumption and 39% of carbon emissions comes from thebuilding sector (GABC, 2017). In the UK around 30% of carbon emissions come from buildings and the construction industry (UKGBC, 2017). Some progress has been made in improving the energy efficiency of new buildingsbut improvements to the current building stock have proved more challenging. This is pertinent because it is estimated that around 70% of today's UK buildings will still be present in 2050; of these 75% were builtbefore 1975 which includes most heritage buildings (Pickles & McCaig, 2017, p8).Heritage buildings provide particular challenges for energy/carbon reductions because any changes must be sensitive to the heritage values (Menzies 2011). In addition, the construction methods of traditional buildingsnecessitate significantly different retrofitting approaches to those used in modern construction (STBA, 2012). The design process of retrofit projects must therefore balance a highly complex set of, often conflicting, requirements (Mok & Hyysalo, 2018).