Money, economy and society in Late Saxon England: The Lenborough Hoard and the monetary impact of Anglo-Danish rule

研究背景该项目以盎格鲁撒克逊晚期英格兰的货币使用为中心，以及硬币的发行、使用和分配揭示了诺曼征服前一个世纪更广泛的经济状况。它将通过分析包含在三个数据集中的两种类型的硬币数据来做到这一点-便携式古物计划数据库[PAS]，早期中世纪硬币库[EMC]，以及2014年在白金汉附近的伦伯勒村附近发现的新窖藏，其中包括5248枚在Æthelred II （' the Unready', 978-1016）和Cnut（1016-35）统治期间铸造的硬币，保存在几乎原始的状态。伦伯勒窖藏尚未完全编目，除了一份简短的初步报告外，仍未进行研究。该项目将为窖藏提供目录，并对其进行开创性的背景分析，并为公众传播通过新展览和其他推广机会获得的知识创造机会。伦伯勒窖藏是在2016年公开筹款活动后为国家购买的。它的长期归宿是艾尔斯伯里的巴克斯县博物馆。这是一个独特的证据来源，可以用来分析10世纪和11世纪后期政权更迭对早期英国经济的影响，其中包括跨越这一时期的统计上显著数量的硬币。从窖藏中获得的数据在质量和数量上都不同于从PAS和EMC数据库中记录的单个硬币发现中获得的数据，因为单个发现记录了每天的损失，而窖藏则代表了可能在社会压力时期进行的单个存款。将伦伯勒窖藏与单一的发现数据相结合，将有助于我们比以往更细致地了解撒克逊晚期英格兰的货币供应和使用。该项目将在巴克斯县博物馆举办一个新的展览，并为学者们提供一个重要的新证据的详细分析。该项目涵盖了埃德加国王在公元973年对铸币进行重大改革后的80年，这是由于与奥斯曼德国的贸易顺差所产生的白银流入而成为可能。埃德加的改革创造了一种非常稳定的货币，即使是在混乱的Æthelred二世统治时期，当时英格兰受到维京军队的反复攻击，并且越来越多的惩罚性税收为“Danegeld”提供服务，这是用来收买他们的。1016年，英格兰经历了戏剧性的政权更迭，旧的西撒克逊王朝被丹麦王子克努特推翻，克努特随后成为英格兰、丹麦和挪威的国王。到克努特被征服的时候，英格兰已经经历了近40年的战争和丹麦战争。资料中记录的白银支付金额，以及在斯堪的纳维亚出土的Æthelred和Cnut硬币的数量，揭示了撒克逊晚期英格兰的深厚财富；这个项目试图通过调查盎格鲁-丹麦统治对11世纪英格兰货币经济的影响来阐明这一点，以及硬币在那个社会中的作用。

Research context The project centres on the use of money in late Anglo-Saxon England, and what the issue, use, and distribution of coins reveals about the broader economy in the century before the Norman Conquest. It will do this via analysis of two types of coin data contained in three datasets - the Portable Antiquities Scheme database [PAS], the Early Medieval Coin corpus [EMC], and a new hoard, discovered in 2014 close to the village of Lenborough, near Buckingham, which comprises 5248 coins minted during the reigns of Æthelred II ('The Unready', 978-1016) and Cnut (1016-35) preserved in almost pristine condition. The Lenborough Hoard as not yet been fully catalogued and remains unstudied apart from a short preliminary report. This project will deliver the catalogue for the Hoard and the seminal contextual analysis of it, and create opportunities for public dissemination of knowledge gained through a new exhibition and other outreach opportunities. The Lenborough Hoard was bought for the nation in 2016 after a public fundraising campaign. Its long term home is at the Bucks County Museum in Aylesbury. It is a unique source of evidence to analyse the impact of regime change on the early English economy in the later tenth and eleventh centuries, comprising a statistically significant number of coins that span this period. The data from the hoard is qualitatively and quantitatively different from that derived from single finds of coins recorded in the PAS and the EMC databases, since single finds record every day losses, whereas a hoard represents a single deposit likely to have been made in times of social stress. Contextualising the Lenborough Hoard against the single finds data will facilitate a much more nuanced understanding of the supply and use of money in late Saxon England than possible hitherto. The project will facilitate a new exhibition at the Bucks County Museum, and provide scholars with detailed analysis of a major new body of evidence. The project covers the 80 years following King Edgar's major reform of the coinage in c. 973, made possible by the influx of silver created by a trade surplus with Ottonian Germany. Edgar's reforms created a currency that was remarkably stable, even through the tumultuous reign of Æthelred II, when England was subject to repeated attack by Viking armies and increasingly punitive taxation to service the 'Danegeld' that was used to buy them off. In 1016 England experienced dramatic regime change, when the old West Saxon dynasty was deposed by the prince of Denmark, Cnut, who subsequently ruled as king in England as well as Denmark and Norway. By the time of Cnut's conquest, England had been subject to almost 40 years of warfare and Danegeld. The volume of silver payments recorded in the sources, and the quantity of coins of both Æthelred and Cnut excavated in Scandinavia, reveal the profound wealth of late Saxon England; it is this and the role of coin in that society which this project seeks to illuminate by investigating the impact of Anglo-Danish rule on the monetary economy of eleventh-century England.