A Global Political Economy of the Latin American 'Pink Tide': Poverty, Inequality and Dependent Development in Argentina and Brazil

我未来的项目旨在研究拉丁美洲所谓的“粉色浪潮”兴衰的全球政治经济。由拉里·罗特(Larry Rohter)(2005)首创的“粉色浪潮”指的是大多数拉丁美洲国家--包括委内瑞拉、阿根廷、巴西、智利、乌拉圭、巴拉圭、厄瓜多尔和玻利维亚--的左翼、非共产主义政府于本世纪初开始崛起，自2010年代中期开始衰落(Pereira Da Silva 2018)。这些国家的左翼政党及其细微差别和差异，是在承诺与1990年代实施的华盛顿共识的新自由主义重组--这使该地区处于严重的经济和社会危机--以及旨在减少贫困和经济不平等的广泛社会运动的支持下选出的(同上)。然而，非分配的努力，既需要更强有力的区域合作，也需要重大的福利计划，如阿根廷的‘Asignacion Universal Por Hijo’或巴西的‘Bolsa Familia’，没有满足他们的部分选民的期望，为他们的衰落和右翼政府的崛起铺平了道路。虽然这些主题已经在学术文献中涵盖(Panizza 2009；Webber 2017)，但该项目旨在提供第一次全面的评估，以全球经济决定因素的‘粉潮’的兴衰，特别是两个最大的南美国家：阿根廷和巴西。该项目首先调查1990年代实施的改革如何使阿根廷和巴西融入全球经济，以及这种一体化是否加剧了它们依赖发展的状况。接下来的不平衡增长，以及与之相关的不平等加剧，可以帮助我们理解社会联盟选举的左翼政府及其再分配计划。这些研究既参考了开放的全球经济中再分配的论述结构，也参考了所实施的政策的物质影响，特别是关于减少贫困和不平等的政策，因为它们在这些政府的政策平台中处于中心地位。然后，该项目将检查这些政策的感知成功程度，以调查它们是否导致了社会联盟的明显崩溃，一方面是正规和非正式工人的社会联盟，另一方面是中产阶级和部分中产阶级，包括中小型企业家。总而言之，这个拟议的项目旨在调查的假设是，华盛顿协定条款下的全球经济一体化内在地限制了阿根廷和巴西“粉红潮”政府的变革性和霸权潜力，从而限制了它们兑现自己的再分配承诺的能力。

My prospective project aims to examine the global politicaleconomy of the rise and fall of the so-called 'pink tide' inLatin America. First coined by Larry Rohter (2005), 'pink tide'refers to the surge of left-wing, non-communist,governments in most Latin American countries -includingVenezuela, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay,Ecuador, and Bolivia- started in the early 2000s and indecline since mid 2010s (Pereira Da Silva 2018). Left-wingparties in these countries, with their nuances anddifferences, were elected under the promise of departingfrom the neoliberal restructuring of the WashingtonConsensus imposed in the 1990s -which put the regionunder severe economic and social crisis- and with thesupport of wide-ranging social movements aiming to reducepoverty and economic inequality (ibid.). However, theirredistributive efforts, entailing both stronger regionalcooperation and major welfare programmes such as'Asignacion Universal Por Hijo' in Argentina or 'Bolsa Familia'in Brazil, have not met the expectations of part of theirconstituencies, paving the way for their decline and the riseof right-wing governments.While these themes are already covered in the scholarlyliterature (Panizza 2009; Webber 2017), this project aims toprovide the first comprehensive assessment of the globaleconomic determinants of the rise and fall of the 'pink tide',with specific reference to the two largest South Americancountries: Argentina and Brazil. The project starts frominvestigating how the reforms implemented in the 1990sintegrated Argentina and Brazil in the global economy andexamines whether this integration exacerbated theircondition of dependent development. The followingimbalanced growth, and associated increase in inequality,can then help us make sense of the social coalition electingleft-wing governments and their redistributive programmes.These are studied with reference to the both the discursiveconstruction of redistribution within an open global economyand the material effects of the policies implemented,especially with regarding poverty and inequality reduction,given their centrality in these governments' policy platforms.The project will then examine the perceived degree ofsuccess of these policies, in order to investigate whetherthey have contributed to the apparent breakdown of thesocial coalition of formal and informal workers on the onehand and sections of the middle classes, including small andmedium entrepreneurs. In sum, the hypothesis that thisproposed project aims to investigate is that the globaleconomic integration under the terms of the WashingtonConsensus inherently limited the transformative, and hencehegemonic, potential of the 'pink tide' governments inArgentina and Brazil, thus constraining their ability to deliveron their own redistributive promises.