Design and development of the HARMONI spectrograph and study of Jovian satellites

本论文致力于推进欧洲南方天文台(ESO)正在建造的39米极大望远镜(ELT)的第一台光积分场光谱仪Harmoni的设计。Harmoni将产生数据，使天文学和太阳系科学在2025年第一次亮相后进行开创性的研究。这一论文项目对大型仪器的成功作出了重大贡献，因此将对未来几年由Harmoni推动的研究产生重大影响。在此基础上，提出了建筑国际影响力战略主题。此外，通过推进建造此类仪器所需的技术和方法，该项目将改善未来仪器的成果。该论文项目包括使用欧洲南方天文台VLT上的缪斯仪器对木星卫星进行观测调查，目的是确定它们的表面成分并更好地了解积分场光谱学。这项研究属于天文学和空间科学技术研究领域，是Harmoni科学团队为该仪器探索太阳系应用的一部分。用MUSE进行观测还强调了在这一研究领域对这种类型仪器产生高质量科学数据的顶级要求。此外，该项目通过提高组装在低温下工作的屈光相机所需的实验室技术，直接促进了Harmoni的成功。这些技术通过改进的过程控制和广泛的实验室测试，建立在KMOS的基础上。这项实验工作是与牛津大学Harmoni团队和STFC的Ral Space的成员合作完成的。这篇论文还包括对商业可用技术在Harmoni中使用的适用性的实验调查。其中一项研究着眼于宽带介质反射涂层的性能和低温生存能力。如果成功，这些涂层将显著增加到达哈莫尼探测器的科学光的比例。另一项研究使用专门建造的辐射测量装置来测量对整个仪器至关重要的衍射栅在可见光和红外波长的光学特性。这些研究是与Asahi Spectra、Optics Balzer、Wasatch Photonics、Kaiser光学、佳能和Horiba等公司合作完成的。本论文的部分内容集中在低温相机的方法和商业上可用的技术的适用性，属于粒子物理或天文学研究领域，并提出了发展先进技术的战略主题。

This thesis focuses on advancing the design of HARMONI, the first light integral field spectrograph for the 39 metre Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) currently being built by the European Southern Observatory (ESO). HARMONI will produce data which will enable ground breaking investigations in Astronomy and Solar System Science following the first light in 2025. This thesis project contributes significantly to the success of the larger instrument and will therefore have a high impact on the research which will be enabled by HARMONI in the coming years. In this way, the thesis advances the Building International Influence strategic theme. Additionally, by advancing the technologies and methods required to build such instruments, this project will improve the outcomes of future instruments.The thesis project includes an observational investigation of Jovian moons using the MUSE instrument on ESO's VLT with the objectives of determining their surface composition and better understanding integral field spectroscopy. This research falls within the Astronomy & Space Science Technology research area and is done as part of the HARMONI science team's exploration of Solar System applications for the instrument. Observing with MUSE also highlights the top level requirements for this type of instrument to produce high quality scientific data in this research area.Additionally, this project contributes directly to the success of HARMONI by advancing laboratory techniques required to assemble refractive cameras operating at cryogenic temperatures. These techniques build on the legacy of KMOS through improved process control and extensive laboratory testing. This experimental work is done in collaboration with members of the HARMONI team at the University of Oxford and STFC's RAL Space.This thesis also includes experimental investigations into the suitability of commercially available technologies for use in HARMONI. One study looks into the performance and cryogenic survivability of broadband dielectric reflective coatings. If successful, these coatings will significantly increase the fraction of scientific light reaching the detectors in HARMONI. Another study uses a purpose-built radiometric setup to measure optical properties of diffraction gratings, components critical to the overall instrument, at visible and infrared wavelengths. These investigations are done in collaboration with companies including Asahi Spectra, Optics Balzers, Wasatch Photonics, Kaiser Optical, Canon, and Horiba.The portions of this thesis focused on methods for the cryogenic cameras and the suitability of commercially available technologies fall within the Instrumentation for Particle Physics or Astronomy research area and advance the Developing Advanced Technologies strategic theme.