Investigating how different aspects of physical activity are associated with brain health throughout different life stages.

缺乏身体活动仍然是全球早期发病和死亡的主要原因[1-3]。大量文献表明身体活动不足与疾病途径有关，这促使英国引入了身体活动处方来解决这一问题[4，5]。现在越来越多的证据表明，体育活动对认知和心理健康都有积极影响[6-18]。干预措施涉及身体活动作为减少焦虑和抑郁症状的一种手段[19-23]和改善健康[24-26]。身体活动参与也与认知储备的建立有关，这有助于延迟晚年认知衰退的发生[9，10，14，27-33]，然而，有关这种关联的方向性的证据仍在审查中[34]。该领域的大多数证据都是有限的，依赖于较短的随访窗口，或使用自我报告的身体活动测量，这限制了这些发现的使用。此外，体力活动的方式被认为是调节任何观察到的心理和认知益处的重要因素[26，35]。参与体育活动也显示出个体之间的显着差异[18，36-38]，从幼年开始，在社会经济领域就存在很大差异，与儿童和青少年肥胖相关的参与度较低，可能与终身身心健康状况恶化有关[39-45]。此外，身体活动的所有方面，包括强度，娱乐和运动参与似乎在整个生命过程中都会减少[18]，在关键时期会显着下降，因此可能会对认知，心理健康和以后的生活产生影响[46-51]。鉴于不同的偏好，频率，以及在整个生命过程中个体内部和个体之间的身体活动参与强度，以及越来越多的证据表明不同的身体活动类型对良好的大脑健康的影响，研究旨在通过以下方式为这一领域做出贡献：i）使用客观的和自我的方法，调查定期身体活动参与与良好的认知和心理结果之间关系的性质和强度，使用1970年出生队列[52]和英国区域心脏研究[53]报告了生命过程不同时期的身体活动测量。ii）探索身体活动的不同方面的关联，包括24小时运动模式对认知和心理结果的不同组成。

Physical inactivity remains a principal cause of early morbidity and mortality globally [1-3]. The abundance of literature implicating physical inactivity in disease pathways has prompted introduction of physical activity prescribing in the UK to address this problem [4, 5]. Evidence is now mounting as to the positive impacts of physical activity on both cognition and psychological health [6-18]. Interventions have implicated physical activity as a means of reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms [19-23] and improving wellbeing [24-26]. Physical activity engagement has also been linked to the building of cognitive reserve which helps to delay the onset of cognitive decline in later life [9, 10, 14, 27-33], however, evidence regarding the directionality of this association remains under scrutiny [34]. Most evidence in the field is limited, relying on short follow-up windows, or using self-reported measures of physical activity, which limits the use of these findings. Furthermore, the means by which physical activity is accrued is known to be an important factor in moderating any observed psychological and cognitive benefits [26, 35]. Engagement in physical activity also shows significant variation between individuals [18, 36-38] with strong differences seen across the socioeconomic spectrum from an early age with lower engagement associated with childhood and adolescent obesity and possible links to worse lifelong physical and mental health [39-45]. Furthermore all aspects of physical activity including intensity, recreational and sports engagement appear to decrease throughout the life course [18] with significant drops at critical periods, which may therefore have consequences for cognition, mental health and wellbeing later in life [46-51]. Given the varied preferences, frequency, and intensity of physical activity engagement both within and between individuals across the life course, and the mounting evidence as to the consequences of different physical activity types for good brain health, study seeks to contribute to this field by:i) Investigating the nature and strength of the relationship between regular physical activity engagement and good cognitive and psychological outcomes using both objective and self-reported measures of physical activity across different periods of the life course, utilising the 1970 Birth Cohort [52] & British Regional Heart Study [53]. ii) Exploring the associations of different aspects of physical activity including the varying composition of 24-hour movement patterns on cognitive and psychological outcomes.