Development of techniques & methods for sampling, calibration and testing of hydrogen purity for fuel cell vehicles

氢燃料电池是电动列车的替代电源，到2050年可能占燃料需求的32%。目前在运输中大规模实施氢气的障碍来自欧洲指令2014/94/EU和OIML的建议，所有欧洲氢气加气站都必须满足这些建议。FCEV已在全球范围内推出，已有超过8000辆汽车上路。整个欧洲的HRS数量正在增加(2018年将有100个HRS)，以支持FCEV的推出。然而，衡量挑战仍在阻碍整个行业足够快地增长，以实现欧盟委员会根据COP21协议制定的2050年目标。需要标准物质(RMS)和可靠的测量来解决工业和终端用户在燃料标准、氢采样和氢中关键污染物的稳定性方面的这些紧迫的测量挑战。根据欧洲指令2014/94/EU，HRSS应符合国际标准化组织14687-2，该标准规定了14种污染物的最大限量。这些污染物会导致FCEV的退化，并极大地缩短其寿命。最终用户需要质量控制RMS来评估商业实验室的性能并确保测量的可靠性。在这些痕量水平下，还没有对气相中的污染物稳定性进行研究。因此，氢燃料采样的可靠性目前尚不清楚。气瓶中污染物的稳定性是确保进行可靠的实验室测量的一项挑战。

Hydrogen fuel cells are an alternative power supply for electric drive trains and could represent 32% of fuel demand by 2050. Current barriers to mass implementation of hydrogen in transport arise from European Directive 2014/94/EU and OIML recommendations that must be met by all European hydrogen refuelling stations. FCEV have been rolled out worldwide with more than 8000 vehicles on the road. The number of HRSs is increasing across Europe (> 100 HRSs in 2018) to support FCEVs roll-out. However, measurement challenges are still preventing the overall sector from growing quickly enough to meet 2050 targets of the European Commission in line with the COP21 agreement. Reference materials (RMs) and reliable measurements are required to resolve these urgent measurement challenges for the industry and end-users in the areas of fuel standards, hydrogen sampling and stability of critical contaminants in hydrogen. According to European Directive 2014/94/EU, HRSs shall comply with ISO 14687-2 which provides maximum limits for 14 contaminants. These contaminants cause degradation of the FCEV and dramatically reduce its lifetime. End users require quality control RMs to evaluate commercial laboratory performance and ensure measurement reliability. Contaminant stability in the gas phase has not been studied at these trace level amounts. Therefore, the reliability of hydrogen fuel sampling is currently unknown. Contaminant stability in gas cylinders is a challenge to ensure reliable laboratory measurements are made.