Biochemical basis of WRN and RecQ helicase function

描述（由申请人提供）：RecQ解旋酶通过一种未知的机制维持基因组的稳定性。当它们的功能丧失时，非法重组的水平显著增加。不足为奇的是，人类遗传性RecQ缺乏性疾病（分别由WRN、BLM和RECQL4缺陷引起的Werner、Bloom和rothmond - thomson综合征）表现出早期发病和癌症频率增加。重要的是，维尔纳综合症还显示出许多与年龄有关的问题的加速发展。尽管这些疾病具有不同的表型，但RecQ家族成员在和C端与保守的中央解旋酶结构域保持高度同源性，这表明它们可能具有共同的机制功能和/或DNA底物特异性。我们将这种扩展序列保守性称为RecQ扩展核。它们的非法重组表型表明，RecQ解旋酶在重组或抗重组途径中起作用，或者可能在解决复制叉阻塞中起作用。我们的实验室最近发现了WRN和其他RecQ解旋酶的链配对和链交换活性，这些活性与这些途径中假定的作用一致。我们假设RecQ扩展核心形成了包含DNA结合和催化活性的功能单元。此外，我们提出RecQ扩展核的功能是协调DNA结合和解绕，以实现复杂重组或复制中间体中的链交换反应。这一假设与RecQ成员的假定作用和当前关于这些蛋白质的生化知识相吻合。在本研究中，WRN被用作模型RecQ解旋酶，用于1)表征链交换活性，反映链配对和解绕活性之间的推定协调；2)检测DNA结合特性和复制和重组中间体的底物特异性；3)生成定位突变体，精确定位RecQ扩展核心及其单个结构域的DNA结合、酶和生理功能。我们对WRN的研究结果将与阐明其DNA代谢作用和致癌和某些衰老表型的特定机制高度相关。RecQ解旋酶之间的序列保守性也表明我们的发现将适用于其他RecQ解旋酶（包括BLM和RECQL4）的功能及其与人类健康的关系。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): RecQ helicases act to maintain genomic stability by an as yet unknown mechanism. When their function is lost, levels of illegitimate recombination increase significantly. Not surprisingly, the human hereditary RecQ deficiency diseases (Werner, Bloom, and Rothmund-Thomson syndromes, caused by defects in WRN, BLM, and RECQL4, respectively) demonstrate early onset and increased frequency of cancer. Importantly, Werner syndrome also shows accelerated development of many age-related problems. Although these diseases have distinct phenotypes, RecQ family members maintain a high degree of homology within and C terminal to the conserved central helicase domain, suggesting that they may have a common mechanistic function and/or DNA substrate specificity. We refer to this extended sequence conservation as the RecQ expanded core. Their illegitimate recombination phenotypes suggest that RecQ helicases function in recombination or anti-recombination pathways, or possibly in resolution of replication fork blockage. Our laboratory has recently uncovered strand pairing and strand exchange activities in WRN and other RecQ helicases consistent with putative roles in these pathways. We hypothesize that the RecQ expanded core forms a functional unit that encompasses DNA binding and catalytic activities. Further, we propose that the function of the RecQ expanded core is to coordinate DNA binding and unwinding to achieve strand exchange reactions in complex recombination or replication intermediates. This hypothesis fits with the putative roles for RecQ members and current biochemical knowledge regarding these proteins. In this proposal, WRN is used as a model RecQ helicase for 1) characterizing strand exchange activity reflecting putative coordination between strand pairing and unwinding activities, 2) examining DNA binding properties and substrate specificity for replication and recombination intermediates, and 3) generating site-directed mutants that pinpoint the DNA binding, enzymatic, and physiological functions of the RecQ expanded core and its individual domains. Our findings with WRN will be highly relevant to elucidating its DNA metabolic role and specific mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis and certain aging phenotypes. Sequence conservation between RecQ helicases also indicates that our findings will be applicable to the functions of other RecQ helicases (including BLM and RECQL4) and their relationships to human health.