Assessing the impact of environmental chemicals on seabird development and health

与其他鸟类物种相比，海鸟物种正在经历世界上最快的种群数量下降速度之一(Croxall等人，2012年；Paleczny等人，2015年)。海鸟面临着许多不同的威胁，外来入侵物种、渔业兼捕和气候变化是最严重的威胁之一。另一个令人关注的问题是人类排泄物对全球海洋生物栖息地的污染(Dias等人，2019年)。鸟类可以通过各种方式吸收污染物，例如通过摄取或皮肤接触。由于它们在食物链中的水平较高，海鸟更容易受到猎物中累积的污染物的影响(Schreiber和Burger，2001)。研究显示了污染物的负面影响，例如对普通Tern Sterna hirundo雏鸟的负面影响(Oudi等人，2019年)，并显示了曼特黑Guillemot Cepillemot Cepphus grylle mandtii的不良生理状态与污染物浓度之间的联系(Eackbo等人，2019年)。在黑腿猫尾Rissa tridactyla中也观察到了影响：不同的研究发现，污染物与着色(Blévin等人，2014年)、皮质酮水平、体重(Nordstad等人，2012年)、存活率和繁殖概率(Goutte等人，2015年)之间存在相关性。然而，大多数研究只集中在单一的化学类型上。在这里，我们打算扩大分析范围，尝试采取一种非针对性的方法来研究自由生活的海鸟的环境化学物质暴露。由于海鸟幼鸟在发育过程中生理系统的敏感性增加，更容易受到环境化学物质的有害影响，因此对这一领域的研究特别感兴趣。因此，我们将在本博士论文中重点研究海鸟雏鸟。本博士论文的主要目的是揭示污染物暴露对海鸟发育、健康和生存的影响。这将通过以下方式完成：1)量化几个环境化学品家族的浓度，建立种群内的暴露曲线，并寻找物种间的差异2)使用生理和行为方法评估海鸟幼鸟在早期发育过程中的状况和生理功能和健康的变化3)将暴露曲线与健康状况联系起来，并可能跟踪这些与鸟类年龄有关的情况4)将暴露曲线分配给海鸟的觅食生态结果将有助于更好地了解海鸟的减少，并有助于阐明海洋生境中环境化学品的一些仍然未知的影响。参考：Blévin，P.，Tartu，S.Angelier，F.，Leclaire，F.S.，Bustnes，J.O.，Moe，B.，...&Chastel，O.(2014)。北极繁殖黑腿猫尾(Rissa Tridactyla)珠被着色与持久性有机污染物和身体状况的关系。总环境科学，470,248-254。克劳克索尔，J.P.，布查特，S.H.，Lascelles，B.，Stattersfield，A.J.，Sullivan，B.，Symes，A.，&Taylor，P.(2012)。海鸟保护现状、威胁和优先行动：全球评估。鸟类保护国际，22(1)，1-34。迪亚斯，M.P.，马丁，R.，皮尔曼，E.J.，伯菲尔德，I.J.，斯莫尔，C.，菲利普斯，R.A.，...Croxall，J.P.(2019)。对海鸟的威胁：全球评估。生物保护。DOI：10.1016/j.Biocon.2019.06.033 Eackbo，N.，Le BOHEC，C.，Planas-Bielsa，V.，Warner，N.A.，Schull，Q.，Herzke，D.，...&Borg aka，K.(2019年)。居住在北极的海鸟物种中污染物和生理状态的个体变异性。环境污染，249,191-199。Goutte，A.，Barbraud，C.，Herzke，D.，Bustaante，P.，Angelier，F.，Tartu，S.，...&Bustnes，J.O.暴露于遗留持久性有机污染物和汞的高北极海鸟的存活率和繁殖产量。环境污染，200，1-9。首页--期刊主要分类--期刊细介绍--期刊题录与文摘--期刊详细文摘内容

Seabird species are experiencing one of the fastest rates of population decline Worldwide, compared to other avian species (Croxall et al., 2012; Paleczny et al., 2015). There are many different threats to seabirds, with invasive alien species, bycatch in fisheries and climate change being some of the most severe. Another concern is the global pollution of marine habitats caused by human waste products (Dias et al., 2019). Pollutant chemicals can be absorbed by the birds in a variety of ways, for example through ingestion or dermal exposure. Due to their higher level in the food chain, seabirds are more vulnerable to accumulated pollutants in their prey (Schreiber and Burger, 2001). Studies have shown negative effects of contaminants, for instance on chicks of the Common Tern Sterna hirundo (Oudi et al., 2019), and have shown a link between poor physiological status and pollutant concentration in Mandt's Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle mandtii (Eckbo et al., 2019). Impacts were also observed in Black-Legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla: Different studies found correlations between pollutant chemicals and coloration (Blévin et al., 2014), corticosterone levels, body mass (Nordstad et al., 2012), survival rate and breeding probability (Goutte et al., 2015). However most studies only focus in a single chemical type. Here we intend to broaden out the analysis and try to take a non-targeted approach to studying environmental chemical exposure in free living seabirds.Because seabird chicks are more susceptible to the harmful effects of environmental chemicals due to the increased sensitivity of physiological systems during development, they are therefore particularly interesting for studies in this field. We will therefore focus on seabird chicks in this PhD.The main aims of this PhD project are to unravel the impacts of contaminants exposure on the development, health and survival of seabirds. This will be done by:1) Quantifying concentrations of several families of environmental chemicals, establishing exposure profiles within populations and looking for interspecies differences2) Using physiological and behavioural methods to assess status and changes in physiological function and health of the seabird chicks during their early development3) Relating the exposure profiles to the health status and possibly tracking these with the age of the birds4) Assigning exposure profiles to the foraging ecology of the seabirdsThe results will contribute to a better understanding of the decline in seabirds and shed light on some of the often still unknown effects of environmental chemicals in marine habitats.References: Blévin, P., Tartu, S., Angelier, F., Leclaire, S., Bustnes, J. O., Moe, B., ... & Chastel, O. (2014). Integument colouration in relation to persistent organic pollutants and body condition in arctic breeding black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). Science of the total environment, 470, 248-254. Croxall, J. P., Butchart, S. H., Lascelles, B., Stattersfield, A. J., Sullivan, B., Symes, A., & Taylor, P. (2012). Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment. Bird Conservation International, 22(1), 1-34. Dias, M. P., Martin, R., Pearmain, E. J., Burfield, I. J., Small, C., Phillips, R. A., ... Croxall, J. P. (2019). Threats to seabirds: A global assessment. Biological Conservation. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.06.033 Eckbo, N., Le Bohec, C., Planas-Bielsa, V., Warner, N. A., Schull, Q., Herzke, D., ... & Borgå, K. (2019). Individual variability in contaminants and physiological status in a resident Arctic seabird species. Environmental Pollution, 249, 191-199. Goutte, A., Barbraud, C., Herzke, D., Bustamante, P., Angelier, F., Tartu, S., ... & Bustnes, J. O. (2015). Survival rate and breeding outputs in a high Arctic seabird exposed to legacy persistent organic pollutants and mercury. Environmental Pollution, 200, 1-9. Nordstad, T., Moe, B., Bustnes, J. O., Bech, C., Chastel, O., Goutt