Development of sustainable pathways to integrate offshore wind with emerging and existing offshore technologies and infrastructure in the UK

海上风电提供了近乎无限的可再生能源潜力，但目前仅占全球发电量的0.3%[1]。英国拥有世界上最大的海上风电装机容量，引领该行业，并致力于到2030年将装机容量从30 GW大幅增加到40 GW [2]。为了促进该行业的快速增长，必须及时和周到地利用潜在的能力。传统上，进入市场的主要途径是作为一个独立的电力来源（公司。固定底部风力涡轮机）。然而，一个新兴的路线，海上风力作为补充能源的主要技术（公司。为石油平台提供动力的风力涡轮机）为将海上风电整合到迅速多样化的海上能源领域提供了另一种机会。这一机会得到了石油和天然气管理局的认可，他们寻求通过与皇冠地产和皇冠地产苏格兰的合作来协调海上能源领域。为了实现这一目标，上述当局已经开发了一个新的北海交互式地图，将海上风电位置与波浪和潮汐站点以及碳捕获和封存（CCS）和石油许可证统一起来。石油和天然气部门日益增长的协同效应和透明度将有助于新兴的海上风电技术利用现有的海上基础设施，同时可能推迟退役（通过重新利用平台、管道和港口）。由于全球5%的井口产量被石油和天然气平台消耗，每年产生2亿吨二氧化碳，排放量也可能减少[4]。海上风电与其他技术/部门的合作不仅限于石油和天然气。与绿色氢和CCS结合，海上风电可用于减少历史上具有挑战性的部门的排放，如供暖，运输和工业，提供清洁的燃料来源[5，6]。潜在协同增效的成功将取决于项目的社会技术可行性。作为衡量手段，《联合国森林论坛》的社会经济和环境可行性、技术准备情况和信心评估支柱提供了一种全面的报告方法[7]。鉴于潜在协同效应的当代性质，技术可行性评估至关重要。通过分解海上风电，可以设定明确的技术依赖目标，确保当前和管道项目的切实进展。这是一个很好的例子。（1）严格分析部署的障碍，根据可持续发展支柱分类，以及缓解解决方案，（2）量化海上风电技术合作（即石油和天然气，CCS和绿色氢）的潜在装机容量/影响，以及（3）根据不同的技术部署途径预测英国海上风电的增长。通过行业参与，这项研究的预期结论是一系列的预测，包括一系列部署策略。这对有限的现有文献的贡献将使政策制定者，公司和金融家在英国和世界各地的部署战略。凭借丰富的自然资源，快速降低的能源成本和先行者优势，海上风电将成为未来十年英国能源结构的重要组成部分，前提是建立明确的部署途径。

Offshore wind provides a near limitless potential of renewable energy yet currentlysupplies only 0.3% global power generation [1]. With the largest installed capacity ofoffshore wind in the world, the United Kingdom leads the sector and have committedto the significant increase of installed capacity from 30GW to 40GW by 2030 [2]. Tofacilitate this rapid acceleration of growth within the sector it is essential that thepotential capacity is harnessed in a timely and considerate manner. Traditionally, theprimary route to market is as an independent source of electricity (inc. fixed bottomwind turbines). However, an emerging route, offshore wind as supplementary energysource to a primary technology (inc. wind turbines powering oil platforms) offers analternative opportunity for the integration of offshore wind into the rapidly diversifyingoffshore energy sector.This opportunity is recognised by Oil and Gas Authority who seek to harmonise theoffshore energy sector through cooperation with Crown Estate and Crown EstateScotland. To this aim, the aforementioned authorities have developed a newinteractive map of the North Sea unifying offshore wind locations with wave and tidalsites as well as carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and Petroleum licenses [3].Growing synergies and transparency with the oil and gas sector will aid emergingoffshore wind technologies when leveraging existing offshore infrastructure whilstpotentially delaying decommissioning (through the repurposing of platforms,pipelines and ports). As 5% of well-head production is consumed by oil and gasplatforms globally, producing 200 million tonnes of CO2 annually, emissions mayalso be reduced [4]. The collaboration of offshore wind with othertechnologies/sectors is not limited to oil and gas. In conjunction with green hydrogenand CCS, offshore wind can be used to abate the emissions of historicallychallenging sectors such as heating, transport and industry by providing a clean fuelsource [5,6]. The success of potential synergies would hinge on the socio-technicalfeasibility of the projects. As means of measurement, the UNFC pillars of socioeconomic and environmental viability; technical readiness; and confidence inestimates offer a comprehensive reporting method [7]. Given the contemporarynature of potential synergies, assessment of the technical feasibility is paramount.By decompartmentalising offshore wind, explicit technology dependant targets canbe set ensuring tangible progress of current and pipeline projects. This is achievedby: (1) critically analysing barriers of deployment, categorised as per the UNFCpillars, and mitigating solutions, (2) quantifying the potential installed capacity/impactof offshore wind technological collaborations (namely oil and gas, CCS and greenhydrogen), and (3) projecting the growth of offshore wind in the UK as per differingtechnological deployment pathways. Through industry engagement, the anticipatedconclusion of this research is a series of projections incorporating a considerateblend of deployment strategies. This contribution to the limited existing literature willaid policy makers, companies and financiers with deployment strategies both in theUnited Kingdom and worldwide. With an abundance of natural resources, rapidlydecreasing levelized costs of energy, and early mover advantage, offshore wind willbe a vital component in the UK's energy mix in the coming decade provided clear,defined pathways to deployment are established.