How Agricultural Policies and Practices Shape Each Other: A Case Study of Dairy Farming

本项目将通过一个奶牛养殖业的案例研究，来检验政策制定和日常实践之间的关系。这项研究将探索农场的日常做法(例如挤奶)是如何出现/变化的，以及政策是如何通过这些做法的实施而制定的。其目的是展示为农场的工作和生活提供信息的多重政策的历史和分层是如何出现、改变和塑造政策制定者需要应对的问题和空间的。奶业可以被视为一个由多个从业者(2.奶农和政策制定者；实践：挤奶、青贮、放牛和清洁、拍卖以及检查、记录保存、辩论、谈判和立法)组成的社会技术系统，这些技术和基础设施相互联系、相互影响。此外，由政策制定组成的一整套做法通常影响和塑造农场的日常生活；农场的基础设施、工作方式和商业运作。奶牛场内的实践界限是由政策告知的。例如，《牲畜福利行为守则》(WAG，2010年)规定了一系列活动的旱作农业的可接受标准：挤奶、饲养、繁殖、住宿和健康。然而，《行为守则》本身受到国家和跨国两级一系列当代政策的影响(2006年《动物福利法》、2006年《威尔士政府法》和欧洲委员会第98/34/EC号指令)。

This project will examine the relationship between the making policy and everyday practicethrough a case study of dairy farming. The research will explore how everyday practices onfarms (e.g. milking) emerge/change and how policy & variously enacted through theperformance of those practices. The aim is to show how the history and layering of multiplepolicies that inform work and life on farms as it emerges, changes, and shapes the issues andspace that policymakers need to respond to.Dairy farming can be considered as a socio-technical system comprised of multiplepractitioners (2. dairy farmers and policymakers; practice: (milking, silaging, cattle herdingand cleaning, auctioning, as well as inspection, record keeping, debating, negotiating andlegislating technologies and infrastructures (e.g. milking machines, fertiliser spreaders, and online systems and transport) which hang-together and effect each other. Sets of practicescomprising of policymaking, moreover, typically influence and shape everyday life on farms;their infrastructures, ways of working, and business operations. The boundaries of practiceswithin dairy farming are informed by polices. For example, the Code of Practice for theWelfare of Livestock: Cattle (WAG, 2010) establishes what counts as the acceptable.standards for dry farming across a range of activities, inching: milking, rearing, breeding,accommodation, and health. The code of practice is itself however, influenced by a raft ofcontemporary policy, both at national and transnational levels, (the Animal Welfare Act2006 the Government of Wales Act 2006, and the European Commission Directive 98/34/EC