When Natives Outnumber Settlers: Apartheid in French Algeria, South Africa and Palestine

本论文项目旨在通过比较三种看似不同的移民-殖民情况下的法律制度来重新审视种族隔离的范式，尽管如此，它们都有一个有趣的共同点：大量土著人口的存在超过了定居者。可以说，定居者的霸权取决于采用和保留种族化的法律结构，这些法律结构有助于控制所有殖民地的土著人口。然而，很少有人注意到某一殖民地土著人口的人口优势与在那里实施的种族化法律的效力之间可能存在的联系。在美洲和大洋洲的许多移民殖民地，由于流行病的传播和欧洲人定居后的大规模屠杀，当地人口急剧减少，无可否认，这个问题变得无关紧要。然而，有三个移民-殖民局势的土著人没有面临同样的命运：南非、法属阿尔及利亚和巴勒斯坦。可以说，在所有这些地方，定居者都需要一种激进的法律制度设计，以维持他们对大量土著人口的优势，包括采取旨在维持种族隔离和统治的措施。就南非而言，这些措施采取了一种极端的形式，很快就被称为臭名昭著的种族隔离。虽然这个词在历史上一直与南非的背景有关，但近年来，人们对它与分析以色列在巴勒斯坦的做法的相关性进行了新的讨论。关于这种分类的准确性的争论使他们摇摆在一个二元的范围内，一方面是历史的比较，另一方面是种族隔离的普遍法律定义。本研究试图打破这种平衡，承认历史分析在发展一种更细致和多样化的种族隔离范式方面的重要性，这种范式可以在看似不同的地方保持其相关性。为此目的，它将法属阿尔及利亚以及南非和巴勒斯坦的例子并列起来，以期将种族隔离重新定义为主要受人口焦虑影响的一种种族化的法律措施和做法制度。

This dissertation project aims to reexamine the paradigm of apartheid by comparing legal regimesinstalled in three seemingly different settler-colonial situations that have, nonetheless, an interesting traitin common: the existence of a large population of natives that outnumbers the settlers. Settler hegemonyis arguably contingent on the adoption and preservation of racialized legal configurations that serve tomaintain control over the native population in all colonies. Nonetheless, little attention has been made tothe possible correlation between demographic superiority of the native population in a certain colony andthe vigor of racialized laws that came to be applied there. In many settler colonies of the Americas andOceania, this question was admittedly rendered irrelevant by the dramatic collapse in the nativepopulation due to the spread of pandemics and wide-scale massacres following European settlement.There are three settler-colonial situations, however, in which the natives did not face the same destiny:South Africa, French Algeria and Palestine.In all these places, settlers were arguably in need of a radical design of the legal system to maintain theirsuperiority over a large native population, including the adoption of measures geared toward maintainingracial segregation and domination. In the case of South Africa, these measures assumed an extreme formthat soon came to be identified under the notorious category of Apartheid. While this term has beenhistorically linked to the South African context, there have been new discussions in recent years about itsrelevance for analyzing Israeli practices in Palestine. Debates about the accuracy of this categorizationswing their pendulum in a dualistic range that is delimited between historical comparisons on one hand,and a universalized legal definition of apartheid on the other. This study tries to disrupt this equilibriumby acknowledging the importance of historical analysis in developing a more nuanced and diversifiedparadigm of apartheid that can retain its relevance across seemingly different places. For this purpose, itjuxtaposes the example of French Algeria and those of South Africa and Palestine with a view toreconceptualizing apartheid as a racialized system of legal measures and practices that are primarilyconditioned by demographic anxieties.