Everyday Negotiations of Space and Place Amongst Refugees and Asylum Seekers Living in the North West of England

英国的庇护分散和难民安置计划将寻求庇护者和难民安置在英国各地，通常是在“别无选择”或有限选择的基础上，不成比例地安置在英格兰北部较贫穷的工人阶级地区（Phillips 2006: 542, Darling 2010: 128）。西北地区的难民和寻求庇护者人数（9491人）是东南地区（580人）的16倍，尽管人口少170万（Lyons & Duncon 2017）。此外，大曼彻斯特地区尤其容纳了西北地区60%的难民和寻求庇护者（NWRSMP 2020）。由于分散和重新安置政策取决于廉价住房的可用性，越来越多的流离失所者被引导到城市边缘以白人工人阶级为主的较小城镇，在那里，多元文化空间的不可阻挡的存在和构成内城的复杂和多方面的移民模式相对不那么明显（Hynes & Sales 2009: 40）。正如关于世界主义的文献（见Warf 2015）和最近围绕“落后”的政治辩论（见Ford & Goodwin 2014）所强调的那样，这些领域被认为是特别排外的，抵制差异，因此更难被那些被认为是“他者”的人渗透。本研究通过探索新移民在多元文化城市和英格兰北部后工业、工人阶级城镇参与地方制造过程的不同方式，来考虑这些观点的真实性。通过关注在非常不同的城市环境中的场所制造实践，本研究将挑战从整合水平和与民族国家符号空间的一致性角度来定义移民归属的倾向。相反，空间和地点的日常地理的细微差别将提供一定程度的特定于地点的文本细节，这在寻求庇护者分散和难民重新安置计划的政策评估中很少发现，并且有助于移民研究中的现有工作，这些工作侧重于依恋和归属感的关系，空间和时间性质（见Ryan 2018， Ryan & Mulholland 2015, Erel 2010）。

The UK's asylum dispersal and refugee resettlement schemes place asylum seekers and refugees in various locations around the UK, often on a 'no choice' or limited choice basis and disproportionately in poorer, working-class areas in the north of England (Phillips 2006: 542, Darling 2010: 128). The North West houses 16 times the number of refugees and asylum seekers (9,491) than the South East (580), despite having a smaller population by 1.7 million (Lyons & Duncon 2017). Furthermore, the Greater Manchester region in particular houses 60% of the North West's refugee and asylum seeker population (NWRSMP 2020). Because dispersal and resettlement policies are dependent upon the availability of cheap housing, increasingly more displaced persons are directed towards smaller and predominantly white working-class towns on the periphery of the urban, where the inexorable existence of multicultural space and the complex and multi-faceted migration patterns which constitute the inner city are considerably less pronounced (Hynes & Sales 2009: 40). As highlighted within literature on cosmopolitanism (see Warf 2015) and recent political debate surrounding the 'left behind' (see Ford & Goodwin 2014), such areas are dismissed as particularly exclusionary, resistant to difference and thus harder to penetrate by those considered Other. This research considers the veracity of such ideas by exploring the differing ways in which new migrants engage in the process of place-making in the multicultural city and in the post-industrial, working-class towns of northern England. By focusing upon practices of place-making in very different urban environments, this research will challenge the tendency to frame migrant belonging in terms of levels of integration and alignment with the symbolic space of the nation state. Rather, the nuanced nature of everyday geographies of space and place will offer a level of site-specific, textual detail that is rarely found within policy evaluations of asylum seeker dispersal and refugee resettlement schemes, as well as contributing to existing work within migration studies which focuses upon the relational, spatial and temporal nature of attachment and belonging (see Ryan 2018, Ryan & Mulholland 2015, Erel 2010).