The importance of sexual and reproductive rights for undocumented migrants and their practical inaccessibility in the UK's 'hostile environment'

尽管国际立法概述了保健规定的重要性，但一些人的生殖权利总是比其他人的生殖权利受到更多的监管。居住在联合王国的非正常移民妇女的性权利和生殖权利受到严重损害，这一点最为明显（《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十四条第2款（B）项、第十二条第2款;《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第十二条第1款）。这些妇女更有可能经历分娩创伤、早产和孕产妇死亡，并且不太可能获得艾滋病毒治疗（Higginbottom等人，2019年;国家艾滋病信托基金，2012年; Shortall等人，2015）。在联合王国，移民妇女在生殖保健和健康结果方面的巨大差异表明，敌对的环境政策破坏了为所有人提供可达到的最高标准医疗保健的法律的规定，无论种族、性别或公民身份如何。通过2014年和2016年的《移民法》，“敌对环境”是指一系列政策，旨在使那些居住在英国没有文件的人的生活尽可能困难，从而激励他们“自愿移民”（Button et al.，2020; Goodfellow，2020; Jones等人，2017年; Oommen，2020年）。虽然通过获得医疗服务来控制人口的尝试并不新鲜，但《国家卫生服务（海外游客收费）条例》（2017年）的出台使这一问题重新进入公众视野。NHS的收费和数据共享做法导致无证移民获得医疗支持成为例外，而不是规则。这一点在有关获得性健康权利的政策中尤为明显，因为人们负担不起这种护理，而且个人在行使这些权利时有被驱逐出境的风险（格林菲尔德，2019年;产妇行动，2017年）。这种不平等因性别而进一步加剧，妇女由于怀孕和遭受性暴力的风险增加，尽管需要更多的支持，但在获得医疗保健方面面临更大的障碍。显然，英国的医疗保健政策是惩罚性的，流动性和种族，特别是当非正规移民妇女（巴克莱，2020年）。尽管年轻女性的移民人数稳步上升，但联合王国关于其性权利的政策保持不变，因此需要对这一主题进行更多的研究（De Jong等人，2017年）。虽然关于敌对环境对弱势群体影响的文献有些广泛，但我提议的与ProjectMAMA的民族志研究，由于其在流动性研究中的基础，为现有的工作增加了一个新的叙述（科丁顿，2020年; Nellums等人，2021; Weller等人，2019).研究问题：（1）联合王国的“敌对环境”政策如何限制实际享有国际立法所维护的性权利和生殖权利？2)限制性权利对无证的顺性别和变性妇女的福祉、赋权和自主有何影响？通过对人类流动性，生殖正义和交叉性理论的分析，我将建立无证妇女的理论权利，在国际法和英国政策中坚持。然后，我将比较这一理论上的可及性的实际可及性的SRR，通过一系列的民族志研究中进行的慈善项目MAMA，这提供了支持，在布里斯托的移民母亲。一旦这个数据集已经建立，我将能够创建一个全面的分析的重要性和无证妇女在英国的敌对环境SRR的可访问性。重要的是，我的研究旨在使很大程度上被忽视和边缘化的群体可见，通过民族志方法给他们一个声音，并捕捉他们的经验，同时通过分析破坏移民妇女权利的法律的框架和官僚机构，将其置于背景之中。

Despite international legislation outlining the importance of healthcare provisions, the reproductive rights of some individuals have always been more policed than the reproductive rights of others. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the severely compromised sexual and reproductive rights (SRR) of irregular migrant women residing in the UK (CEDAW Art. 14.2(b), Art. 12.2; ICESCR Art 12.1). These women are more likely to experience birth trauma, premature delivery and maternal mortality, and less likely to access HIV treatment (Higginbottom et al., 2019; National AIDs Trust, 2012; Shortall et al., 2015). The significant disparity in reproductive care and health outcomes for migrant women in the UK indicates that hostile environment policies undermine the legal provision for the highest attainable standard of healthcare for all persons, regardless of race, gender or citizenship. Formalised through the 2014 and 2016 Immigration Acts, the 'hostile environment' refers to a collection of policies aiming to make the lives of those residing in the UK without documentation as difficult as possible, thereby motivating their 'voluntary emigration' (Button et al., 2020; Goodfellow, 2020; Jones et al., 2017; Oommen, 2020). While attempts to control populations through access to care are not new, the introduction of the National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Regulations (2017) brought the issue back into the public eye. NHS charging and data-sharing practices have caused access to medical support for undocumented migrants to be the exception, rather than the rule. This is particularly evident in policies concerning access to SRR, with such care being unaffordable and individuals risking deportation in exercising these rights (Greenfield, 2019; Maternity Action, 2017). This inequality is further exacerbated by gender, with women facing greater barriers to healthcare despite requiring more support, as a result of pregnancy and their increased risk of sexual violence. Evidently, UK healthcare policies are punitive of sexuality, mobility and race, especially when exhibited by irregular migrant women (Barclay, 2020). Despite a steady rise in the migration of young women, the UK's policies concerning their SRR remain unchanged, establishing a need for additional research on the topic (De Jong et al., 2017). While literature concerning the effects of the hostile environment on vulnerable persons is somewhat extensive, my proposed ethnographic research with ProjectMAMA, adds a new narrative to this existing body of work, due to its grounding in mobility studies (Coddington, 2020; Nellums et al., 2021; Weller et al., 2019).Research Questions: 1) How do the UK's 'hostile environment' policies restrict practical access to the sexual and reproductive rights that are upheld in international legislation? 2) What impact does the restriction of SRR have on the wellbeing, empowerment and autonomy of undocumented cis- and transgender women? Through an analysis of theories of human mobility, reproductive justice and intersectionality, I will establish the theoretical rights of undocumented women, as upheld in international laws and UK policies. I will then compare this theoretical accessibility to the practical accessibility of SRR, as captured through a series of ethnographic studies carried out within the charity ProjectMAMA, which provides support to migrant mothers in Bristol. Once this dataset has been established, I will be able to create a comprehensive analysis of the importance and accessibility of SRR for undocumented women in the UK's hostile environment. Importantly, my research aims to make largely ignored and marginalised groups visible, by giving them a voice and capturing their experience through ethnographic methods, while contextualising this through an analysis of the legal framework and bureaucracies that undermine migrant women's rights.