Key challenges for promoting the inclusion of precarious settlements in the SDG 6 Agenda of the Brazilian Urban Amazon

-研究挑战是什么？巴西北部地区的州首府城市由所谓的“巴西城市亚马逊”组成，它们获得水和卫生服务（WSS）的指数是全国最低的，居住在不稳定定居点的人口比例最高。研究的挑战是研究和绘制信息、法律、监管、金融和相关障碍，以将不稳定定居点纳入巴西城市亚马逊地区实现可持续发展目标6的行动中。-为什么这很重要？在巴西，解决北部地区以不稳定定居点为重点的获取差距，将是实现可持续发展目标6中全民覆盖的具体目标和遵守享有水和卫生设施的人权的唯一途径，其原则旨在通过促进在扩大水和卫生设施服务方面取得更公平的进展，减少国内和贫富之间的不平等（联合国儿童基金会/世卫组织，2021年）。-我们还有什么不知道的？在巴西，获得WSS服务的数字是考虑公用事业必须服务的强制性地区计算的，这些地区通常不包括有土地使用权问题的社区。因此，在国家、市政当局和公用事业的官方指标和计划中通常没有考虑到不稳定的定居点。尽管在巴西东北部和东南部地区的不稳定定居点提供WSS的成功项目有经验，但没有建立制度化的框架来捕捉非法地区获取WSS的现实（吉马良斯，2016）。因此，没有研究向富人和穷人提供社会保障的不平等现状，也没有研究获取差距是否集中在不稳定的定居点。此外，目前尚不清楚地方当局和服务提供商如何解决城市不稳定定居点提供WSS的问题，特别是在巴西北部的州首府城市，那里的WSS获取差距最大。-项目将如何实施？该项目将分为三个阶段：i)编制巴西北部城市不稳定住区WSS的分类数据；（ii）调查法律、监管、政策和相关文书中不稳定定居点的包容性，并从巴西的其他经验中找出教训；iii)评估巴西北部地区州首府城市使用的金融机制，包括WSS是否达到了不稳定的定居点，以及他们这样做的效率如何。-会有什么影响？其预期影响是阐明饮用水和卫生设施的人权，以及将不稳定定居点纳入巴西亚马逊地区WSS供应的必要性，激励进一步监测，并告知地方政府和服务提供商制定包容性公共政策和规划工具，以更有效地为此分配资源。

- What is the research challenge?The state capital cities of the North region of Brazil, comprised by what is called the 'Brazilian Urban Amazon', have the country's lowest indices of access to Water and Sanitation Services (WSS) and the highest proportion of people living in precarious settlements. The research challenge is to study and map the informational, legal, regulatory, financial and related barriers for the inclusion of precarious settlements in the actions to meet SDG 6 in the Brazilian Urban Amazon. - Why is it important?In Brazil, addressing the access gap in the North region focusing on precarious settlements will be the only way to achieve the SDG 6 targets of universal coverage and to comply with the human rights to water and sanitation (HRtWS), whose principles are set to reduce inequalities within the country and between the rich and the poor, by promoting more equitable progress in the expansion of water and sanitation services (UNICEF/WHO, 2021).- What don't we know?In Brazil, the figures for access to WSS services are calculated considering the mandatory areas that the utilities have to serve, which generally excludes neighbourhoods with land tenure issues. Thus, precarious settlements are commonly not accounted for in the official indicators and plans of the country, of municipalities and of utilities. Although there are experiences of successful projects of WSS provision to precarious settlements in Brazil in the Northeast and Southeast regions, there is no institutionalised framework established to capture the reality of WSS access in illegal areas (Guimaraes, 2016). Thus, there is no study of the current status of the inequalities in WSS provision to the rich and to the poor, nor into whether the access gap is concentrated in precarious settlements. Also, it is unclear how local authorities and service providers are tackling the issue of WSS provision in urban precarious settlements, especially in the state capital cities of the North of Brazil, where the highest WSS access gap is found.- How will the project be carried out?The project will be divided into three phases:i) To produce disaggregated data for WSS in urban precarious settlements of the North of Brazil;ii) To investigate the inclusiveness of precarious settlements in the legal, regulatory, policy and related instruments and identify lessons from other Brazilian experiences;iii) To assess the financial mechanisms in use in the state capital cities of the North region of Brazil, in terms of whether WSS are reaching precarious settlements and how effectively they are doing so.- What will be the impact?The intended impact is to shed light on the human rights to water and sanitation and the need for inclusion of precarious settlements in WSS provision in the Brazilian Amazon, incentivising further monitoring, and informing local governments and service providers to put in place inclusive public policies and planning instruments with more efficient allocation of resources to this end.