Emotions, Race, Gender and Crusading in Fifteenth-Century Burgundian Prose Epics and Chronicles

勃艮第公爵菲利普（1419-1467）的十字军东征计划是其宫廷文化的核心；勃艮第是中世纪晚期欧洲重要的文学和艺术生产中心，是维护勃艮第不断扩张的国家权力的一种手段。1396年，菲利普的父亲在尼科波利斯（Nicopolis）参加十字军东征时，菲利普本人也出生在那里。他深受早期史诗和浪漫故事改编的插图丰富的散文（更新版）中道德和政治行为模式的影响。与前几个世纪不同，女性不再参与十字军东征，然而，矛盾的是，这一后期的十字军东征往往更多地受到“宫廷之爱”的启发，而不是宗教热情：在1454年的野鸡宴会上，男性在女性面前公开宣誓十字军东征，以回应神圣教会的女性化身受到“撒拉逊人”的威胁，撒拉逊人象征着刚刚落入奥斯曼土耳其人手中的君士坦丁堡。虽然一些散文传奇和编年史最近被学者重新整理，但后来的散文史诗在文本/图像关系和情感方面仍然被忽视。近年来，中世纪学者更加关注情感史，但它还没有完全应用到勃艮第，特别是在骑士男子气概方面。运用批判种族理论对十字军来源的研究才刚刚兴起，虽然文学学者们已经在早期的几部法国诗歌史诗中讨论了种族、宗教和性别问题，但对后来史诗材料的散文重新创作的交叉研究却姗姗来迟。本文将解决以下问题：十字军的情绪是如何在文字和图像描绘在照明手稿；文本和图像如何描绘对性别或种族的情感态度，以及它们在历史背景下会如何解释；文学或艺术传统和十字军是如何影响与种族和性别身份相关的情感描述的；骑士男子气概和十字军动机的理想如何在包含十字军或跨文化关系的历史模型的资料中出现。因此，这项研究将通过三部被忽视的散文史诗和一部基于史诗的散文编年史的手稿，分析关于菲利普大帝宫廷中穆斯林和勃艮第“种族-宗教”和性别认同的情感描述：《匿名的菲拉布拉斯》，1410年之前；《君士坦丁堡美女》，1448年；雷诺·德·蒙托邦，1462年以前；查理曼大帝与征服者（1458年）本文将借鉴现代性别和批判种族理论，以分析十字军情绪（如骄傲，恐惧，愤怒和仇恨等）如何通过面部表情，服装和图像中的设置来表现，情感如何在书面术语中表达，以及表演情感如何与十字军精神交织在一起。它还将分析芭芭拉·罗森韦恩（Barbara Rosenwein）有影响力的情感社区概念在多大程度上适用于这些来源。它将采用罗森韦恩对情感术语的定量分析方法，研究它们的性别和“种族化”分布，以便对所研究的文本进行比较。这些数据将通过对文本的密切文学分析和对中古法语情感术语词源学的研究进行细致入微和语境化。此外，本文将考虑早期诗歌史诗和编年史对15世纪勃艮第作家和观众的影响，研究情感的描述如何在性别和“种族-宗教”身份之间变化，以及这些描述如何融入到表现性的情感十字军意识形态的构建中。该项目将通过研究几乎完全被评论家忽视的手稿，为中世纪法国文学、情感史、艺术史、性别和批判性种族研究等领域做出原创性贡献，从而为菲利普王子的宫廷生活提供新的视角。

The crusade plans of Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy (r. 1419-1467) were central to his court's culture; they were a means of asserting the power of the ever-expanding state of Burgundy, which was a key centre of literary and artistic production in late-medieval Europe. Philip, himself born when his father was on crusade in Nicopolis in 1396, was influenced by models of ethical and political conduct in lavishly illustrated prose reworkings (updated versions) of earlier verse epics and romances. Unlike in earlier centuries, women no longer participated in crusades, yet, paradoxically, crusading in this later period was often more inspired by "courtly love" than religious fervour: at the Banquet of the Pheasant of 1454, men publicly took crusading oaths in front of women, in response to a female personification of the Holy Church threatened by a "Saracen", signifying Constantinople which had just fallen to the Ottoman Turks.While some prose romances and chronicles have recently been readdressed by scholars, later prose epics remain neglected concerning text/image relations and emotions. In recent years, medievalists have paid more attention to the History of Emotions, but it has yet to be applied fully to Burgundy, especially in terms of chivalric masculinity. Studies of crusading sources employing critical race theory are only just emerging and, while literary scholars have addressed race, religion, and gender in several earlier French verse epics, an intersectional study covering later prose reworkings of epic material is long overdue.The thesis will address the following issues:How crusader emotions are depicted in text and image in illuminated manuscripts;How text and image depict emotional attitudes to gender or race and how they would have been interpreted in their historical context;How literary or artistic traditions and crusading influenced depictions of emotion in relation to race and gender identities;How evolving ideals of chivalric masculinity and crusader motivation appear in sources containing historical models for crusading or cross-cultural relations.The study will, therefore, analyse depictions of emotions concerning Muslim and Burgundian "racial-religious" and gender identities at the court of Philip the Good through selected manuscripts of three neglected prose epics and an epic-based prose chronicle:The anonymous Fierabras, ante 1410; Belle Hélène de Constantinople, 1448; Renaut de Montauban, ante 1462; Croniques et Conquestes de Charlemaine, 1458. The thesis will draw on modern gender and critical race theory in order to analyse how crusading emotions (e.g. pride, fear, anger, and hatred etc.) are represented through facial expressions, clothing and settings in images, how emotions are expressed in written terminology, and how performative emotional displays intertwine with crusader spirituality. It will also analyse how far Barbara Rosenwein's influential concept of emotional communities applies to the sources. It will employ Rosenwein's method of quantitative analysis of emotion terms, studying their gendered and "racialised" distribution in order to compare the texts under study. These data will be nuanced and contextualised by close literary analysis of the texts and examination of the etymologies of Middle French emotion terms. Furthermore, the thesis will consider the influence of earlier verse epics and chronicles on fifteenth-century Burgundian writers and audiences, examining how depictions of emotions vary between gender and "racial-religious" identities and how these depictions feed into the construction of performative, emotional crusading ideologies.This project will make an original contribution to the fields of medieval French literature, the History of Emotions, art history, and gender and critical race studies by examining manuscripts almost entirely neglected by critics and thus providing new insight into life at the court of Philip the Good.